Test: Physical education of children of primary preschool age (from three to four years old). Test: Physical education of children of primary preschool age (from three to four years old) Social development of the child
At this age, children do not need to be begged for a long time to go for a walk, play outdoor games, just run or stand on their heads. They are major specialists in this matter. It's time to stock up not only on new active games, but also do fun exercises in the morning and introduce your child to sports.
Scientists' assumption
According to the observations of some scientists, in girls aged 3-5 years, the left hemisphere, which is responsible for speech skills, develops more intensively. They begin to speak earlier, express themselves emotionally and beautifully, and construct sentences correctly. Boys are considered “right-brained.” They are better oriented in space and move actively and quickly.
Between the ages of 3 and 5, children do not gain much weight and do not grow as rapidly as in the first year of life. However, during this period they change greatly in appearance. Their “angelic” features disappear: plump cheeks, folds on the arms and a round tummy... They become more and more like little adults.
What new happens in a child’s body between 3 and 5 years old?
◈ Reaction speed, coordination and speed of movements are noticeably improved. Clumsiness disappears, dexterity and flexibility appear. Now children become good partners in outdoor games. Their gross and fine motor skills improve.
◈ Their body proportions change. Now they are approaching the proportions of an adult human body. The center of gravity moves down, as expected.
◈ Weight increases due to the growth of bone and muscle tissue. Moreover, boys have more muscle tissue, and girls have more fat. By the way, the amount of adipose tissue in a three-year-old child is the same as in an adult. An increase in fat mass occurs due to an increase in volume, not the number of fat cells. Therefore, at an early age, it is important to instill in your child a culture of nutrition so as not to increase fat potential.
◈ The cartilage gradually becomes hard. The correct formation of the skeletal system largely depends on the quality of nutrition. The child’s diet must contain dairy products, fish, meat, and a sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals.
◈ All internal organs increase in size, their functions improve, approaching adult norms and proportions.
◈ The nervous system also improves. The number of nerve cells increases, the number of connections between them becomes more complex and expands.
◈ By the age of five, the weight of a child’s brain is 90% of the weight of an adult’s brain. It has been established that connections between the right and left hemispheres in children under two years of age are not sufficiently formed. However, after two years they begin to improve intensively.
WHAT DO WE CAN?
Three years. The child’s motor skills are enriched: he runs confidently, speeds up and slows down, changes direction, can catch a ball and maintain balance, climbs and descends stairs well, and rides a tricycle. At this age, the baby is able to dress and undress independently, knows how to button up (this is difficult) and unfasten buttons, and put on shoes (with Velcro). At three years old, a child is already well oriented in space and can easily find the object he needs or complete some task of finding a toy. He also has good hand-eye coordination. He already knows how to use scissors, eat on his own, drink from a cup, and unwrap candy without his mother’s help (he’s just a jack of all trades).
Four years. Motor activity improves: the child can stand and jump on one leg, walk backwards, jump to the side, forward and backward, alternate running with jumping, jump over low obstacles, march to the beat of the music. Also during this period, a preference for the right (left) hand is clearly formed. At this age, not all children are able to tie their shoelaces correctly. However, almost all of them are making active attempts in this direction.
Five years. Control over body movements is noticeably improved. All the skills that the child acquired before this age are improved. The space for activities is expanding. At this age, the baby catches the ball well with both hands (from a short distance), hits it on the ground several times and catches it, rides a two-wheeled bicycle (including without safety wheels), roller skates, jumps rope, deftly overcomes obstacles, walks on a log, makes simple dance movements.
Your baby is three years old, day by day he has been growing up imperceptibly and now he is not that little defenseless person, he is already an independent person with his own character and characteristics. Over this year, the baby has grown noticeably, mastered new skills and abilities, and became dexterous, active and inquisitive.
Your baby already knows how...
Boys:
89.5-104 cm.11.6-18 kg.
48.0-53.5 cm.
48.6-58.2 cm.
87.3-103.8 cm.
12.3-17.7 kg.
47.6-52.7 cm.
48.2-57.6 cm.
Physical development of a child at 3 years old
Your baby is starting to look more and more like an adult. The formation and growth of the musculoskeletal system is actively underway, fine motor skills of the fingers and facial muscles are being improved.
At the end of the second year, the rate of weight gain and increase in body length can be assessed.
So the average required body weight is calculated using the formula:
10.5 kg (average body weight of a child at 1 year old) + 2 x N;
Where N- the age of the child in years (not the years lived after the first year of life, but the actual age of the child).
Body length up to 4 years increases on average by 8 cm annually.
According to the centile tables of distribution of body mass and length in children, the following are considered average indicators:
Average body weight of a child at 3 years old
- Boys - 13.6 - 16 kg;
- Girls - 13.3 - 15.4 kg.
Average body length of a child at 3 years old
- Boys - 92.0 - 100 cm;
- Girls - 92.0 - 98.5 cm.
Neuropsychic development of a child at 3 years old
A three-year-old child enjoys both active games and educational activities. The baby enjoys playing outdoor games, but at the same time, he can tinker with the toy that caught his attention, play story games, look at pictures and listen to fairy tales.
Motor development of a child at 3 years old
At three years old, a child is able to master quite complex skills, such as riding a tricycle, riding a swing, or sledding. By the age of three, many children are no longer afraid to swim. The child is good at jumping over obstacles, walking on an inclined plane, long jumping from a standing position on two legs, and can jump from a small height. At this age, children can perform two actions at the same time (for example, stomp and clap, jump and raise their arms to the sides).
The child throws, rolls and catches the ball with ease.
Can perform all familiar movements on command and repeats them after adults.
Cognitive development of a child at 3 years old
- At three years old, a child should know and correctly name four primary colors and some shades of colors.
- At this age, the baby can assemble sequentially (that is, from smallest to largest) caps, pyramids, molds, and matryoshka dolls from 4-6 components.
- Able to select geometric shapes based on a model, and can also select appropriate shapes based on the shape of a hole in a developmental manual (game). Can name familiar geometric shapes.
- Collects a pyramid of 10 rings (by size, for example, descending, by color, by shape).
- Distinguishes objects by size - small, medium, large.
- Can distinguish an object by its texture - soft, hard.
- Drawing skills are improved, so the child can add missing details to an adult’s drawing - for example, a leaf to a branch, a stem to a flower, smoke to a steam locomotive.
- He tries to paint, draws ovals, circles, draws lines.
- While drawing, a child can imitate an adult’s writing.
- During modeling, he can pinch off a piece of plasticine, roll it out in his palms, and connect the parts. Tries to sculpt simple shapes - sausage, ball, bagel and others.
Social-emotional development of a child at 3 years old
At this age, it is very important for a child to be appreciated and praised. The baby wants to be good, we expect approval and praise from an adult.
Independence and autonomy are becoming more and more apparent.
He is happy if he was able to accomplish his plans, and feels a sense of pride in himself and his parents.
Strive to be the best and the first in everything.
At three years old, kids are very inquisitive and curious.
Long-term memory is improved.
Able to show emotional restraint, listens calmly and fulfills an adult’s request.
He may be offended by the punishment and worries if he is scolded for something.
A three-year-old child is capable of experiencing feelings of shame, jealousy, and fear.
Can express his feelings not only through speech, but also through facial expressions, tone, gestures, gaze, and posture.
The child begins to empathize with the characters and is emotionally responsive.
Many kids sing along and dance.
Knows how to distinguish beautiful from ugly, good from bad.
Enjoys communicating with peers. There is an interest in playing games together.
Shows affection for some children and adults.
Speech development of a child at 3 years old
By this age, the child can construct complex sentences. In communication he uses both simple and more complex phrases. Expresses his feelings, desires, and emotions through speech.
At three years old, some children begin to change words by numbers and cases.
Asks a lot of questions. Easily repeats unfamiliar words and phrases after adults.
He remembers and recites poems and songs well.
Loves to enter into dialogue with both children and adults. Answers the questions.
Can name familiar animals, plants, items of clothing, household items, etc. from a picture. Can tell a familiar fairy tale from a picture.
In the game he can speak for himself and for a fictional character (doll, bunny, etc.).
Switches to the pronoun “I”, stops talking about himself in the third person.
Household skills of a child at 3 years old
- Knows how to independently dress simple items in her wardrobe.
- Undresses independently, with a little help from an adult. Can fasten several buttons.
- At three years old, a child can complete an assignment of 2-3 actions.
- He washes his hands with soap, washes himself, and wipes himself with a towel.
- Can put clothes in a closet.
- Knows how to use a handkerchief.
- Controls your physiological needs.
- Eats and drinks independently, uses a napkin.
- Wipes his feet before entering.
Child care at three years old
A child's three-year-old regimen remains the same - four meals a day, daytime sleep (or rest) for at least 1 hour, night sleep - about 10 hours, regular walks in the fresh air.
Be sure to pay attention to both personal hygiene and room cleanliness.
At three years old, the child tries to brush his teeth on his own, under the supervision of adults. Let him do this, while periodically showing him how to move the brush correctly. Particular attention should be paid to the grooves between the teeth, as this is where most food particles remain and plaque accumulates.
A child’s teeth should be brushed 2 times a day: in the morning after breakfast and in the evening after dinner. During and after each meal (especially sweets), teach your child to rinse his mouth.
At this age, almost all children love to swim. In the warm season, you can bathe your child at least every day. During the cold season, at least once a week.
For bathing a child, it is better to use special baby products. While bathing, it is very convenient to check the skin for abrasions, bruises or rashes.
Teach your child to use only his own hygiene items (towel, washcloth, toothbrush, comb, etc.).
Don't forget to trim your child's nails - do this as the nails grow.
Keep an eye on your baby's hair and trim it on time, as, for example, long bangs can disturb the child.
If you decide to take your child to kindergarten, at least for some time before this, go with him to early development groups - so that parting with you is not so abrupt.
Following a daily routine will help ease the child's adaptation to kindergarten.
Find out in advance what the daily routine is in the kindergarten (where the child will go) and try to stick to it.
Nutrition for a three year old child
A child of three years old should eat regularly; it is better if the main meals are at the same time every day.
The menu of a three-year-old child becomes more varied and gradually approaches the diet of an adult. But it is still not recommended to give a child fatty and spicy foods, as well as various canned foods, chips, and sweet carbonated drinks.
The child’s diet should include dairy and fermented milk products, fresh fruits, vegetables, and foods containing animal proteins.
The diet of a 3-year-old child is 3-4 meals a day.
The kilocalorie requirement is no more than 1600 kcal/day.
Distribution of food during the day:
Breakfast - 25%;
Lunch - 35-40%;
Afternoon snack - 10-15%
At three years old, a child can drink almost any drink (except coffee). This can be tea, juices (preferably freshly squeezed), jelly, compotes from fresh fruits and dried fruits, fruit drinks, milk, kefir.
Necessary examinations at 3 years
At three years old, the child undergoes an in-depth medical examination, especially if he goes to kindergarten.
The three-year medical examination includes:
- Examination by a pediatrician, neurologist, ophthalmologist, ENT doctor, orthopedic surgeon, dermatologist, speech therapist, dentist;
- Laboratory examination - clinical blood test, urine test, coproscopy, examination of scrapings for enterobiasis (or feces for helminth eggs).
If a child is vaccinated according to the national vaccination schedule, then at three years of age no scheduled vaccinations are carried out.
What toys are appropriate at this age?
At this age, children prefer more complex and functional toys.
Motor Development Toys- balls, gymnastic sticks, pull-up toys, bicycle, swimming circle, skittles and others.
To develop design abilities- toys consisting of geometric shapes, opening and closing toys, cubes, pyramids, Legos with large parts, sand molds and others.
Didactic toys- layout books, lotto or domina with pictures, books with expressive illustrations, board games with pictures, wall calendars and posters with useful information (animals, plants, numbers, seasons).
Toys for role-playing and story games- sets of doctor, fireman, hairdresser, builder, teacher's shop, set of children's dishes, toy vegetables, fruits, cars, houses, dolls, animals and others.
Creator's Kit - pencils, crayons, plasticine, clay, lacing games, sets of colored paper, stickers, watercolors.
Despite the fact that the child is already big, try to devote time to him. Play and practice with him. Praise him for his efforts more often and then his success will not be long in coming.
Physical education of children 3-4 years old.
Physical education of children in kindergarten provides for the strengthening and protection of health, full physical development and is aimed at the timely formation of motor skills and abilities in children. The need for movement, physical activity exhibited by a child, causes positive changes in his physical and mental development, improvement of all functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, muscular, respiratory, etc.).
A small child shows a great need for movement. As he grows, under the influence of surrounding adults, the range of available movements quickly expands.
Dexterity, speed, strength, endurance - these are the motor qualities that need to be developed in preschoolers.
Motor qualities in preschool children develop in the process of performing various movements, the volume of which is indicated in the program for each age group. Children have different levels of innate abilities that have developed on the basis of certain biological prerequisites in combination with favorable living conditions. Against this background, their further age-related development occurs.
The use of simple and varied exercises that do not place great demands on technique leads to free control of the body, the development of muscle sense, and increases the ability to correctly manage one’s movements in space. With age, the child's range of motor skills increases. It is important to develop the ability to master new movements. Sometimes kids can get ahead of their elders, some of them have a higher level of strength and better jumping ability.
This is especially noticeable in the simpler movements that children master early in running and jumping. It is important to take into account the individual characteristics of children. An individual approach should help each child develop his abilities and demonstrate them in movements that correspond to the child’s capabilities. It is necessary to create conditions so that not only weak, but also strong children can exercise their qualities, develop them, without stopping there. Direct their energy and physical strength to mastering new movements and improving existing ones.
Physical education for children is morning exercises, physical education classes, exercises after sleep, outdoor games, and physical education sessions.
Systematic morning exercises help children develop correct posture. And correct posture ensures the normal functioning of the entire body and its systems. With incorrect posture, the respiratory organs are especially affected: the tops of the lungs are compressed, their ventilation is reduced, and proper breathing is disrupted. All this leads to frequent respiratory diseases. Morning exercises prepare the child’s body for the stress that he will have to overcome during activities throughout the day. The duration of morning exercises for young children is no more than 5 minutes. Morning exercises include walking, running, jumping, and exercises for various muscle groups. It is performed with objects (balls, gymnastic sticks, flags, rattles): “trees sway,” “bunnies jump.”
Physical education classes are a form of training that is mandatory in preschool institutions. In each age group, certain program tasks are solved.
Mastering by children the skills of basic movements: walking, running, long jump, high jump, standing jump. throwing at a target, into the distance, climbing. Classes are conducted using gymnastic equipment (gymnastic benches, ladders, beams, ribbed and gymnastic boards), as well as individual physical education aids (hoops, balls, sandbags). Physical education classes must include game elements. Dolls, hares, bears, and other heroes come to visit, who want to watch or who need to be taught to do this or that movement. Gymnastic exercises should be carried out from various starting positions (standing, sitting, lying on your back, on your stomach, on your side). Outdoor games play a role in the development of motor qualities such as agility, strength, speed, endurance.
From 3 – 4 years old Children are taught to ski, observing consistency and gradualism in mastering the basic elements of movements. First, children master movement without sticks, and then give them sticks. This type of movement strengthens and develops all major muscle groups, helps improve the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Caring for the development and health of a child begins with organizing a healthy lifestyle in the family. A healthy lifestyle is a favorable climate in the family, a friendly, benevolent attitude of parents towards each other and towards the child, proper balanced nutrition, and the use of physical exercise in the air. sufficient work activity, exemplary behavior of adults.
It’s good if parents relax with their children, go to the river, to the forest, to the skating rink, or skiing. The system of health care and education of children can be successfully implemented only with complete understanding and trust between parents and teachers.
Three whole years have flown by! Bright, rich, unique! Your child has turned into a full-fledged personality with his own character, habits, temperament, he has his own characteristics of figure and behavior. He is a good conversationalist; he can tell you how his day went, where he was, what he saw. Children at the age of 3 begin to recognize themselves as separate individuals, with their own desires, interests and preferences. Over the years, the baby has grown noticeably, mastered new skills and abilities, and became dexterous, active and inquisitive. The vocabulary of 3 years is up to 1000 words, in his speech the baby successfully uses numbers, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs; in children's questions you can often hear “how?” and why?" Sometimes his numerous questions baffle you, and sometimes the number of them makes your head spin. Be patient, do not interrupt the child, his desire to learn new things in the world around him is natural, and your harshness can suppress his cognitive aspirations in the baby, and this can adversely affect the further development of the baby. The baby wants to be good, we expect approval and praise from an adult. Independence and autonomy are becoming more and more apparent. At this age, it is very important for a child to be appreciated and praised.
What's new
At three years old, a child should know and correctly name four primary colors and some shades of colors. At this age, the baby can assemble sequentially (that is, from smallest to largest) caps, pyramids, molds, and matryoshka dolls from 4–6 components.
Able to select geometric shapes based on a model, and can also select appropriate shapes based on the shape of a hole in a developmental manual (game).
Can name familiar geometric shapes. Collects a pyramid of 10 rings (by size, for example, descending, by color, by shape).
Distinguishes objects by size - small, medium, large. Can distinguish an object by its texture - soft, hard.
Drawing skills are improved, so the child can add the missing details to an adult’s drawing - for example, a leaf to a branch, a stem to a flower, smoke to a steam locomotive.
He tries to paint, draws ovals, circles, draws lines.
While drawing, a child can imitate an adult’s writing. During modeling, he can pinch off a piece of plasticine, roll it out in his palms, and connect the parts. Tries to sculpt simple shapes - sausage, ball, bagel and others.
At three years old, a child is able to master quite complex skills, such as riding a tricycle, riding a swing, or sledding. By the age of three, many children are no longer afraid to swim. The child is good at jumping over obstacles, walking on an inclined plane, long jumping from a standing position on two legs, and can jump from a small height. At this age, children can perform two actions at the same time (for example, stomp and clap, jump and raise their arms to the sides). The child throws, rolls and catches the ball with ease.
Three-year-old children enjoy playing and communicating with peers, exchanging toys, and keeping company.
He is also capable of long games with a toy that has attracted his attention, playing story games, looking at pictures and listening to fairy tales. Concentrates on tasks for longer periods of time.
Development of the nervous system in a child at three years of age
From three to six years of age, the final myelination of fibers occurs, the child’s brain is almost mature, and vital skills have been formed. By the age of six, the mental development of a child reaches such a degree that in the absence of adults, this little person can fully ensure his life activities. From 3 to 6 years in a child’s life is the preschool period. Preschool age occupies a place between early and junior school age (from 3 to 6–7 years) and is extremely important for the development of the child’s psyche and personality. The leading activity of this age is play, so it is no coincidence that it is also called the “age of play.” There are 3 periods within preschool age:
- Junior preschool age 3–4 years.
- Average 4–5 years.
- Senior 5–6/7 years old.
On average, the main content of the game is relationships between people. Children play so-called role-playing games. Here actions are no longer performed for the sake of actions, they are a means of realizing the role and contribute to the development of the plot. The introduction of a plot and a play role significantly increases the child’s capabilities in many areas of mental life.
In older preschool age, role-playing play is gradually replaced by play with rules. The main content of the game is the fulfillment of the rules arising from the role taken on. Game actions are reduced, generalized and become conditional.
From a scientific point of view, games are of great importance for the mental development of a child. At this age, the mental development of a preschooler is almost ready for the beginning of a systematic educational process in educational institutions.
Children are offered games that:
- Develop fine motor skills of fingers.
- Increase the associative series.
- Help solve logical problems of low complexity.
- Develop attention.
In addition to play, other forms of activity are typical for preschool age: designing, drawing, modeling, listening to fairy tales and stories, etc. The child gradually masters the coordination of small hand movements. This allows him to improve his artistic activities. Most children of this age draw with great enthusiasm. The visual activity of a child of this age period is different in that the result is completely unimportant for him. The process of creating a drawing comes to the fore. Therefore, once the drawing is completed, children often throw it away. And only towards the end of preschool age does the child begin to pay attention to the drawing itself, that is, to evaluate the result of his work. From a psychological point of view, drawing is considered as a kind of children's speech and as a preparatory stage of written speech. In the drawing, the child expresses his attitude to reality; in it one can immediately see what is most important for the child and what is secondary.
Be sure to read fairy tales and poems to your child, and then ask him to retell them.
Do not be lazy to devote the maximum amount of time to the neuropsychic development of the child. Do not shift responsibility to the nanny, kindergarten, school. Even if something goes wrong, children are like plasticine: at an early age, many things can be corrected.
Crisis of three years
The crises that your child will overcome (and has already overcome) are, in fact, not so few: this is the newborn crisis, the crisis of one year, three years, seven years, the well-known crisis of adolescence. It should be noted that the names of crises (except, probably, newborns) are very arbitrary, and the time of their occurrence depends on the specific child and his living conditions.By the age of three, parents often discover that the baby is not so easy to cope with. He suddenly stops obeying, and what he recently took for granted now causes him a storm of protest. Why is this happening? And how to call the baby to order and calm?
Three years is the age when a child so wants to feel like an adult and independent; at this age, children already have their own “wants” and are ready to defend it in front of adults. This is a time of discovery and discovery, the age of awakening imagination and awareness of oneself as an individual. A pronounced feature of this period is the crisis of three years. In children it can manifest itself in different ways, but the main “symptoms” are extreme stubbornness, negativism and self-will.
All this is explained by the fact that at the age of 3–5 years the child is trying to take his place among people. He tries to realize his individuality and his differences from other children. He feels like an individual and does everything so that adults perceive him as an equal. It is at this time that the little person tries to find activities that he likes. He wants to be like adults in everything, and the fact that they always help him in everything leads him to negativity. By changing behavior, character and strong-willed qualities are formed. There is pride in one’s successes, a desire to help, independence, and a sense of duty. And the point is not even how this period proceeds, but what changes it will entail in the child’s character. But how long the process will last and how painful it is for the child depends directly on the parents and their methods of education. Punishments and prohibitions for no reason, restriction of independence, suppression of initiative can be the reason for the acute course of this period.
Good to know
The 3-year-old crisis in children is a serious test for parents, but it is even harder for the child at this time. He does not understand what is happening to him and is unable to control his behavior. And he needs your support.
Signs of crisis 3 years
- Negativism. In a general sense, negativism means the desire to contradict, to do the opposite of what one is told. A child may be very hungry, or really want to listen to a fairy tale, but he will refuse only because you or some other adult offers it to him. Negativism must be distinguished from ordinary disobedience. After all, the child does not obey you not because he wants to, but because at the moment he cannot do otherwise. By refusing your offer or request, he is “protecting” his “I”.
- Stubbornness. Having expressed his own point of view or asked for something, the little stubborn three-year-old will stick to his line with all his might. Is this how he wants the “order” to be fulfilled? May be. But, most likely, he doesn’t really want to anymore, or has long since stopped wanting to. But how will the baby understand that his point of view is taken into account, that his opinion is listened to, if you act in your own way?
- Obstinacy. Obstinacy, in contrast to negativism, is a general protest against the usual way of life and the norms of upbringing. The child is dissatisfied with everything that is offered to him.
- Self-will. The little headstrong three-year-old accepts only what he has decided and conceived himself. This is a peculiar tendency towards independence, but exaggerated and inadequate to the child’s capabilities. It is not difficult to guess that such behavior causes conflicts and quarrels with others.
- Depreciation. Everything that was previously interesting, familiar, and expensive is devalued. During this period, favorite toys become bad, an affectionate grandmother becomes nasty, parents become evil. The child may begin to swear, call names (old norms of behavior are devalued), break a favorite toy or tear a book (attachments to previously dear objects are devalued), etc.
- Protest-riot. This state can best be characterized by the words of the famous psychologist L.S. Vygotsky: “The child is at war with those around him, in constant conflict with them.”
- Despotism. Until recently, an affectionate child at the age of three often turns into a real family despot. He dictates norms and rules of behavior to everyone around him: what to feed him, what to dress him in, who can leave the room and who is not allowed, what to do for some family members and what for the rest. If there are more children in the family, despotism begins to take on the features of heightened jealousy. After all, from the point of view of a three-year-old toddler, his brothers or sisters have no rights at all in the family.
Good to know
The crisis of three years in children simply needs to be waited out like a storm, experienced like an earthquake and endured like a disease. Therefore, your motto for this year is: patience, patience, patience!
Calm, just calm
The main manifestations of the crisis that worry parents usually consist of so-called “affective outbursts” - hysterics, tears, whims. The recommendations for behavior in such situations will be the same: do not do anything or decide until the baby has completely calmed down. However, there are many babies who are capable of “beating in hysterics” for a long time, and few mother’s hearts can withstand this picture. Therefore, it may be useful to “pity” the child: hug, sit on your lap, pat him on the head. This method usually works flawlessly, but it should not be abused. After all, the child gets used to the fact that his tears and whims are followed by “positive reinforcement.” And once he gets used to it, he will use this opportunity to receive an additional “portion” of affection and attention. It is best to stop a beginning hysteria by simply switching attention. At the age of three, kids are very receptive to everything new, and a new toy, cartoon or offer to do something interesting can stop the conflict and save your nerves. Trial and error method
Give your baby the opportunity to make mistakes now, before your eyes. This will help him avoid many serious problems in the future. But for this, you yourself must see in your baby, yesterday’s baby, an independent person who has the right to go his own way and be understood. It was found that if parents limit the manifestations of a child’s independence, punish or ridicule his attempts at independence, then the development of the little man is disrupted: and instead of will and independence, a heightened sense of shame and uncertainty is formed. Of course, the path of freedom is not the path of connivance. Determine for yourself the boundaries beyond which the child has no right. For example, you can’t play on the roadway, you can’t skip naps, you can’t walk in the forest without a hat, etc. You must adhere to these boundaries under any circumstances. In other situations, give your child the freedom to act according to his own understanding.freedom of choice
The right to make our own decisions is one of the main signs of how free we feel in a given situation. A three-year-old child has the same perception of reality. This will allow the child to develop the qualities he needs in life, and you will be able to cope with some of the negative manifestations of the three-year-old crisis. Does your child say “no”, “I won’t”, “I don’t want” to everything? Then don't force him! Offer him two options to choose from: draw with felt-tip pens or pencils, walk in the yard or in the park, eat from a blue or green plate. You will save your nerves, and the child will have pleasure and confidence that his opinion is taken into account. Is your child stubborn and you can’t convince him otherwise? Try to “stage” such situations in “safe” conditions. For example, when you are not in a hurry and can choose from several options. After all, if a child manages to defend his point of view, he gains confidence in his abilities and the importance of his own opinion. Stubbornness is the beginning of the development of will, the achievement of a goal. And it is in your power to direct him in this direction, and not make him a source of “donkey” character traits for the rest of his life. It is also worth mentioning the “do the opposite” technique known to some parents. Tired of the endless “no”, “I don’t want” and “I won’t”, the mother begins to energetically convince her baby of the opposite of what she is trying to achieve. For example, “Don’t go to bed under any circumstances,” “You shouldn’t sleep,” “Don’t eat this soup.” With a small, stubborn three-year-old, this method often works. However, is it worth using it? Even from the outside it looks very unethical: the child is the same person as you, however, using your position, experience, knowledge, you deceive and manipulate him. In addition to the issue of ethics, another point can be remembered here: the crisis serves the development of the individual, the formation of character. Will a child who is constantly “deceived” in this way learn anything new? Will he develop the necessary qualities? One can only doubt this.A game
Increased independence is one of the features of the three-year crisis. Parents can really help their child overcome a crisis faster, making it less painful both for the child himself and for everyone around him. This can be done in the game. It was the great psychologist and expert on child development, Erik Erikson, who compared it to a “safe island” where the baby can “develop and test his independence and autonomy.” The world is explored through games. Don't forget this. With the help of a game, you can not only teach him etiquette or rules of behavior, but also force him to do something he doesn’t want. For example, if he refuses to eat, then offer to feed toys that will only eat with him. Use it. The age crisis is a turning point in a child’s life. He will need your love, care and tenderness more than ever. Therefore, do not be stingy, let him feel that he is loved by you.
Physical development of a child at 3 years old
Can stand on tiptoes (toes) for several seconds. Walks on tiptoes for at least 3 meters. Must be able to stand on one leg for at least 3-4 seconds.
Jumps over the line on the floor. By the age of three, and often earlier, the child can independently climb stairs, alternating legs: placing one leg on each step when going up. He goes down more carefully, placing two feet on each step. Can jump off the last step while keeping both legs together.
Throws and catches the ball. At 3.5 years old, all children must catch a ball thrown from a distance of 2 meters.
He rides a tricycle, pedaling. If your child doesn't have a bicycle, you can test your coordination with a test.
Test
If shown and explained well, the baby can perform two different actions at the same time - stomping his feet and clapping his hands.
Child skills at 3 years old
He dresses and puts on his shoes himself. Fastens buttons, except for inconvenient ones, for example on the back. Some children can be taught to tie their shoelaces. Undresses on his own. Knows how to fold his clothes before going to bed. Notices the disarray in his clothes. Knows how to use a handkerchief and napkin as needed without being reminded. Knows how to wipe his feet when entering an apartment. Wash hands independently with soap and dry them with a towel. Some children brush their teeth themselves, but most still need help squeezing the toothpaste onto the brush. Inserts the key into the door lock (from two years old), turns the key in the door lock. He is active in the daily life of the family: he likes to help adults with cleaning the house, shopping, and working in the garden. You can trust your child to carry the dishes and set the table.
Regulates his physiological needs - goes to the toilet on time. Does everything independently (undressing, sitting down, dressing), except for using toilet paper.
Eats independently with a spoon and fork. He holds them by the end of the handle.
Child's play at 3 years old
Assembles a pyramid of eight to ten rings according to a pattern or pattern (in descending order of size, by size and color, by shape and size). Builds a tower of eight to nine cubes.Matches flat geometric shapes to the sample (circle, rectangle, triangle, trapezoid, oval, square). Some of them are called: circle, triangle, square, etc.
Upon demonstration, at the request of an adult, or in independent play, he assembles sequentially (puts smaller ones into larger ones) nesting dolls, bowls, molds, caps from four to five components (that is, he can put 3-4 nesting dolls into each other). When nesting figures you should no longer use brute force. He understands well how to insert an object, which part or side to bring it to another object. But you may also need help closing the nesting doll and matching the patterns on its two halves.
When presented with three objects of different sizes, he finds and can name large, small and medium. Identifies an object by its texture (soft, hard).
From cubes, construction sets, or auxiliary materials, he begins to make more complex plot buildings and names them: house, fence, car, bridge, etc. He builds not only independently or according to the verbal instructions of an adult, he can build according to a model or drawing, or copies a model. Uses these buildings for a board game with story toys (car, teddy bear, doll).
At this age, you can already start buying simple board games for your child.
Strives to play with other children. Participation in collective role-play becomes important for the child. When assigned roles by elders, he readily plays the role assigned to him: “You will be a bunny.” Willingly carries out instructions in the game. Follows the rules in outdoor games. When playing with children, demonstrates an understanding of turns. There is a tendency to have friends. Treats children kindly: does not snatch toys, does not take them without asking, and shares his toys. For the further development of the child, it is useful to organize communication with other children and visit kindergarten. As stated earlier, girls adjust better to kindergarten. For boys, the start of kindergarten can be delayed until 3.5 years.
Self-directed role-playing is being improved. For example, when playing with a doll or a teddy bear, a child can say “I am a mother”, “I am a doctor”, that is, he takes on a certain role. Dresses and undresses dolls. Shows imagination in games (chair - car, cube - soap). Due to imagination, he can carry out play actions without objects. Fantasizes in the game, introducing fairy-tale characters into it. In the game he calls himself some kind of character. Answers an adult’s question: “Who are you?” He talks a lot during the game, commenting on his actions or what he imagines in the game. Uses role-playing speech in the game. Speaks for himself and for the doll.
Draws
Holds a pencil correctly with the fingers of the dominant hand, copies from a sample, draws horizontal and vertical lines, closed shapes (circle, sun, apple). As shown, he can draw a cross, but not every child can copy it. Copying differs from drawing by demonstration in that when copying, the child does not see how you yourself draw. The child copies from a drawing you have already drawn. Therefore, copying is a more difficult task than drawing from your show.
After your demonstration, he begins to draw a man in two parts, with a pair of limbs, for example two hands, counted as one part. He usually draws either the torso and head, or the torso and legs, most often a “cephalopod” - a man without a torso.
He begins to draw according to his own ideas. Explains what he is drawing (sun, path, rain, etc.). He begins to paint over the drawings. Shows interest in drawing and modeling. Rolls out lumps of clay and plasticine in the palms of your hands and connects the parts. Sculpts simple shapes (ball, column, sausage, bagel). Names them in response to the question: “What is this?” He is happy with his actions when they work out. Gets upset when you can't do something.
Mental development of a child at 3 years old
Shows a sense of pride in himself (“I’m the best runner”), in his parents (“Dad is the strongest,” “Mom is the most beautiful”). He begins to understand humor - he laughs, he is perplexed. Emotionally reacts differently to the beautiful and ugly: notices, distinguishes, evaluates.Emotionally assesses the situation: empathizes (if someone is in pain), helps (if someone needs help), sympathizes, behaves quietly (if someone is sleeping, tired). Notices the sadness, dissatisfaction, and joy of adults or children. Emotionally empathizes with characters when listening to fairy tales, when watching children's plays, cartoons (he is happy, sad, angry, winces in “pain,” etc.).
Feels sad and ashamed. He understands that he did something badly (he didn’t have time to go to the toilet, spilled water), and expects a negative assessment from an adult. He worries if they scold him. He may be offended for a long time by punishment. He understands if someone else is doing something bad. Gives an emotionally negative assessment: “You cannot offend (break, tear, take away, fight).”
Can be jealous, offended, intercede, angry, disingenuous, mischievous.
Shows shyness with characteristic facial expressions, especially when addressed by a stranger. Wary of unfamiliar animals, individual people, and new situations. Fears and fear of the dark may arise.
A sense of caution and an understanding of danger are formed. Begins to navigate the concepts: dangerous - safe, harmful - useful. However, even at this age it is necessary to continue to explain to the child possible dangers, as described in the previous stage “2 years 6 months”. Follows verbal instructions in four to five steps. Becomes more accommodating, begins to understand the difference between the past and the future and realizes the opportunity to postpone the immediate fulfillment of his desires for the future. He makes attempts to restore order around himself. With proper upbringing, he shows emotional restraint: he does not shout in public places, calmly crosses the street with an adult, does not run along the sidewalk, calmly listens to an adult’s request and fulfills it, stops crying when there is a justified prohibition.
At the same time, he can be disobedient and emotionally tense when his movements are limited, or when adults do not understand his requests and desires. Can be persistent in its demands. He often repeats: “I myself.” Compared to the “2 years 6 months” stage, all children should clearly understand the quantitative relationship (one and many). A test can be administered to test this understanding.
Test
Place one item on the table (preferably candy), and on the other side - several candies; then ask the child to show: “Where is one candy, and where is there a lot?” In the future, the idea of numbers expands. The child points and says: “One, two, three, many, few.”
Begins to distinguish between the right and left sides, although he may still make mistakes. The leading hand (right-handedness or left-handedness) is determined in the interval of 20 months - 4 years. In the second half of life, there may be transient left-handedness in right-handed children.
Understands the difference between one's own and someone else's, learns to share with others. He understands that his things must be returned, but other people's toys (for example, in kindergarten) do not belong to him, they must be returned. Knows the names of body parts (head, neck, back, chest, stomach, arms, legs, fingers). Knows the purpose of body parts: “eyes look”, “ears listen”, “legs walk”.
Knows the names of the same parts of the body in humans and animals: “everyone has eyes, legs - a person, paws - an animal, hands - a person, wings - a bird.”
During this age period, the child should be able to navigate four colors quite well. Begins to distinguish between black and white colors, selects them according to a model or at the request of an adult: “Give me a red cube, give me a black cube.” To the question “What color is the cube?” correctly names 2–3 (sometimes more) colors.
He listens to fairy tales with great interest, has his favorite ones and demands to repeat them again and again. Likes to watch TV.
Active speech of a child at 3 years old
At three years of age, natural diversity (variability) in the speech development of different children is reduced, and all children without any developmental disabilities must meet the requirements below.
Names some animals, as well as their babies, household items, clothes, dishes, equipment, plants, etc. from a picture.
All children at this age should talk about themselves “I”: “I went”, “I myself.” Uses pronouns “you”, “we”, “mine”.
The child must be able to speak in simple, grammatical phrases. Phrases usually consist of three or four words. He begins to combine two phrases into a complex sentence (the main and subordinate parts of the sentence): “When dad comes home from work, we will go for a walk.” Words in phrases can be changed according to numbers and cases. The child's speech must be understandable to outsiders. He often accompanies his actions with speech. Enters into verbal dialogues with children and adults. Briefly tells adults what he is doing now or has done recently, that is, he conducts a conversation consisting of several sentences. Answers questions from an adult based on the plot picture. Tells a familiar fairy tale coherently based on the picture.
Attention!
If at 3 years old a child communicates only with the help of babbling words and fragments of babbling sentences: “gaki” (eyes), “noti” (legs), “oko” (window), “dev” (door), “uti” (hands) ; “Yes, Tina” (give me the car), then an urgent consultation with a neurologist and sessions with a speech therapist are necessary (even if the child successfully passed a preventive examination by an “official” speech therapist).
During this period, the child can learn and repeat short poems (couplets and quatrains), short songs and excerpts from fairy tales. Word creation and a tendency to rhyme appear. Shows special interest in conversations between adults.
Quickly answers the question: “What is your name?” He says not only his first name, but also his last name. Calls friends by name.
Answers the question: “How old are you?” At first he just points with his fingers, and a little later he begins to tell his age. Knows her gender identity. Correctly answers the question: “Are you a boy or a girl?” He begins to distinguish the gender of those around him.
Asks not only simple questions: “What is this?”, “Who?”, “Where?”, “Where?” Increasingly, cognitive questions appear: “Why?”, “When?”, “Why?” and others. The question “why?” arises. marks a new stage in the child’s mental development. The age of why is coming. Before that, he was simply getting acquainted with the world, but now he seeks to understand this world. The earlier the child asked the question “why?”, the more complete his mental development, the later, the more obvious the delay. If a three-year-old child does not yet ask this question, then parents should ask it themselves and answer it themselves, thereby stimulating the child’s cognitive interest.
Child mode at 3 years old
A child's sleep at 3 years old is practically no different from what it was a year earlier. It is advisable to devote at least 10 hours to sleep at night and put a three-year-old child to sleep during the day once for an hour or two. Due to increased physical activity and strong impressionability, it is not easy to put children at this age to bed during the day, but it is better to insist on your own - a systematic lack of sleep will not be beneficial to the child’s body. 
It is useful to take a bath before going to bed at night. Don’t forget about hygiene: by the age of 3, a child should already be able to wash himself, brush his teeth, and go to the toilet.
His clothes should be clean and ironed. If a child gets dirty, he must be changed immediately. He should know that he should not wear dirty clothes, so he will get used to being neat. For children, it is advisable to purchase clothes only from natural fabrics. Especially the one that comes into contact with the body so that it does not cause chafing and irritation. At home, the child should be dressed in soft, comfortable clothes made of flannel or knitwear.
At three years old, the child tries to brush his teeth on his own, under the supervision of adults. Let him do this, while periodically showing him how to move the brush correctly. Particular attention should be paid to the grooves between the teeth, as this is where most food particles remain and plaque accumulates. A child's teeth should be brushed 2 times a day: in the morning - after breakfast and in the evening - after dinner. During and after each meal (especially sweets), teach your child to rinse his mouth.
Teach your child to use only his own hygiene items (towel, washcloth, toothbrush, comb, etc.). To prevent diseases, it is better to hang a separate towel for the child. Show him where it hangs and change it regularly for a clean one.
3 years is the time when most children go to kindergarten. All children are individual, and therefore it is necessary to decide whether a 3-year-old child can be sent to kindergarten or not based on the accompanying circumstances. If you have no other choice, of course, the child will go to kindergarten. If you decide to take your child to kindergarten, at least for some time before going to early development groups with him - so that parting with you is not so abrupt. It is necessary to accustom the child to a group of peers in advance. Then kindergarten will be a joy for him: new impressions, new faces, games with peers.
Good to know
Following a daily routine will help ease the child's adaptation to kindergarten. Find out in advance what the daily routine is in the kindergarten (where the child will go) and try to stick to it.
How to feed a child at 3 years old
At three years old, the child becomes more and more active. The child's nutrition should be correct, balanced, varied. Many parents mistakenly believe that from the age of 3, it is time for a child to eat all the dishes from the adult table. But digestion at this age is not yet sufficiently developed and it is necessary to continue to be attentive to nutrition. It is not worth transferring the child completely to the adult table. It is much easier to do the wiser thing - switch the whole family to a healthy diet, thereby establishing a common menu for children and adults. There is definitely no need to use a blender anymore when preparing children's meals. Food should be in pieces, forcing the chewing muscles to work and strengthen. But the food should not be hard; the child will not be able to chew it well or will completely refuse such food.
Feeding children 3 years old also means independence. Previously, the baby preferred to open his mouth when he saw a spoon being offered, or to smear the puree on the surfaces surrounding him. As he gets older, he happily demonstrates his ability to use a spoon independently, loves to eat at the same table with adults, and imitates the process of eating by playing with other children or his favorite toys.
The daily routine of a 3-year-old child should contain at least 4–5 meals with an interval of three to four hours:
- Breakfast.
- Second breakfast may look like a snack.
- Afternoon snack
- Dinner.
Good to know
It is important to observe moderation - do not overfeed the child. Long gone are those hungry times when being well-fed meant healthy. A child cannot and should not eat an adult portion. Have pity on the child - the habit of overeating in the future can cause many problems, both medical and psychological.
What should be in the diet of a three year old child?
Meat products - 70 grams per day. Use daily. This can be rabbit, veal, lean pork, liver, as well as premium meat products: children's milk sausages, sausages, doctor's boiled sausage. Smoked meat products are contraindicated for toddlers.From fish and fish dishes (for example, fish cutlets) in the amount of 60–70 grams per day. Use twice a week. Mandatory condition: the fish must be carefully separated from the bones.
From milk and dairy products that the baby needs every day. This valuable product contains calcium and easily digestible protein, which are very important for the growth and development of a child. You can surprise your baby with new dishes: lazy dumplings, cheese curds, cottage cheese casserole, etc.
Porridge - which it is advisable to serve your baby for breakfast every day. Why in the morning? Yes, because the cereals from which porridges are prepared consist of healthy digestive fibers that improve the functioning of the digestive system, contain vitamins and a number of microelements that give the baby a boost of energy for the whole day. It is useful for a three-year-old child to eat oatmeal, buckwheat, pearl barley, wheat and barley porridge, cooked in water or milk.
Boiled eggs. It is contraindicated to give raw eggs to your baby.
Vegetables - which the baby needs to consume in the amount of three hundred grams daily. It should be potatoes, beets, carrots, onions, boiled or stewed. You can make a vinaigrette from vegetables.
Flour products - bread, pasta, pancakes, pancakes, biscuits and oatmeal cookies, which the baby needs in the amount of one hundred grams per day.
Fruits - apples, pears, dried fruits, bananas.
Drinking - natural juices, cocoa, compotes, fruit drinks, tea. Let your baby drink as he asks, especially during the hot season. Soda is not recommended; juices are still better and healthier to dilute with water.
Usually, it is at the age of three or four years that a child’s first acquaintance with sweets occurs - unless, of course, the parents are their fundamental opponents. There's no big harm in giving your baby candy sometimes (although honey is still healthier), but you shouldn't do it between feedings. You can also enjoy marmalade or marshmallows. Chocolate can be given in limited quantities if there is no allergy to it.
Good to know
Children should not be given sweets at night, as the acid that forms in the mouth after sweets contributes to dental caries.
Instead of sweets, you can offer your child dried fruits. They are great for children, rich in minerals such as potassium, calcium, iron and magnesium, but also have some healing properties. Dried apricots are good for the cardiovascular system and help with constipation, and dried pears are recommended for indigestion and a tendency to diarrhea.
Good to know
When buying dried fruits, do not chase a beautiful appearance - to improve their presentation, sellers often treat dried fruits with sulfur dioxide or chemical dyes.
Approximately per day, a child 3–5 years old should receive protein:
- Meat - 100–140 g.
- Fish - 50–100 g.
- Egg - 1/2–1 pc.
- Milk (including consumption for cooking) and kefir - 600 ml.
- Cottage cheese - 50 g, Hard cheese and sour cream - 10–15 g each.
Carbohydrates play an equally important role in the body - they are the main source of energy. To replenish the body in carbohydrates, you need to eat vegetables, fruits, and cereals. If the intake of carbohydrates is insufficient, the body can use proteins for energy needs, which will lead to protein deficiency. In turn, excess carbohydrates can lead to obesity, flatulence, hypovitaminosis, and water retention in the body. Approximately per day, a child 3–5 years old should receive carbohydrates:
- Cereals, legumes, pasta - 60 g, Flour - 30 g.
- Vegetables - 300 g (do not forget to give children turnips, radishes, garlic, green salad), Potatoes - 150–200 g.
- Fruits and berries - 200 g.
- Dried fruits - 15 g.
- Bread - 80–100 g.
- Sugar (taking into account it in the composition of confectionery products) - 60–70 g.
- Tea (infusion) - 0.2 g.
Good to know
The most harmful are the fats formed when vegetable oil is heated. Therefore, what really needs to be limited in a child’s diet is food fried in large amounts of oil (chips, French fries, fast food), as well as margarine and all products prepared with it - cookies, baked goods.
Micro-, macroelements and vitamins have no nutritional value for the body, but are extremely necessary for the structure of bones and teeth, the immune system, for skin health, eyes, metabolic processes, osmotic pressure, and acid-base status. Therefore, you need to drink mineral water, eat a varied diet, eat vegetables and fruits every day, and be sure to add dill, parsley, onions and celery to your salads.
Recipes:
Ingredients per 500 g (three small portions):
- 120 g noodles or pasta or vermicelli.
- 180 g cottage cheese 9% (1 pack).
- 1 egg.
- 2 tablespoons sugar.
- 10 g sour cream.
- 1 tbsp. breadcrumbs.
- Butter for greasing the mold.
- Sour cream for serving.
Boil a liter of water in a small saucepan and add a little salt. Cook the noodles in boiling water until cooked according to the instructions on the package (usually cook the noodles for 8-10 minutes). Drain the water and transfer the noodles to a large cup.
Add cottage cheese and sugar to the hot noodles, stir them with a spoon until there are no large pieces of cottage cheese left.
Add the egg and mix everything again.
Grease the pan with butter and sprinkle breadcrumbs on the bottom and sides of the pan, shaking off any excess breadcrumbs. Place the noodles with cottage cheese in the mold and smooth it out. Brush the top of the casserole with sour cream and sprinkle with a little breadcrumbs.
Preheat the oven to 200 degrees. Place the casserole in the oven and bake for about 30-35 minutes until the casserole is lightly browned. Remove the casserole and let it sit for 15 minutes, then cut into pieces and serve with sour cream.
How to develop a child at 3 years old
Any activities with a 3-year-old child should be conducted in a playful manner, without the use of coercion in any form. The baby must show interest in the educational game and enjoy it, otherwise he will lose interest in it and stop playing it altogether. Spend no more than 15 minutes on any active activity. Do not demand that a child of 3 years old complete the task “no matter what” - this can lead to overwork. Encourage your child's achievements - give him cards or homemade medals. At the end of the lesson cycle, you can make a certificate, sign it and reward the child with it. Use various teaching aids - folding books, lotto or dominoes with pictures, books with expressive illustrations, books with windows, board games with pictures, wall calendars and posters with useful information (animals, plants, numbers, seasons). Sets for sand applique, paper applique. You can offer your child children's scissors - at three years old, children begin to cut out simple shapes; for safety reasons, let games with scissors take place under your supervision.
Sets for creativity - pencils, crayons, plasticine, clay, games with lacing, sets of colored paper, stickers, watercolors. An easel is great for painting. It is very convenient to use paper in rolls; it can be rolled out on the floor and create more space for creativity.
What toys to choose for a 3 year old child
At this age, children prefer more complex and functional toys. Toys for motor development - balls, gymnastic sticks, pull-up toys, bicycles, swimming circles, skittles and others. To develop design abilities - toys consisting of geometric shapes, opening and closing toys, cubes, pyramids, Legos with large parts, sand molds and others.
Toys for role-playing and story games - sets of a doctor, a fireman, a hairdresser, a builder, a teacher's shop, a set of children's dishes, toy vegetables, fruits, cars, houses, dolls, animals and others.
Despite the fact that the child is already big, try to devote time to him. Play and practice with him. Praise him for his efforts more often and then his success will not be long in coming.
Get the projector...
Good to know
Modern cartoons on TV or DVD are certainly good. But it will be even better if you still have old filmstrips and a projector. Children love to watch such homemade cartoons on the wall or a white sheet. There is a certain amount of mystery and mystery in this process. Moreover, old Soviet cartoons are interesting and very kind. It is important for the child that mom or dad are nearby, who at this moment look like good wizards.
Outdoor games
An example of such a game:Walk like geese or other animals.
Walk on all fours.
Work out on a wall bars or on a whole home sports complex - with rings, trapeze, crossbars, rope ladders, rope.
Play volleyball with an inflatable or balloon.
Play bowling.
Walk with a soft toy or book on your head.
Do I need to go to the clinic at 3 years old?
At three years old, the child undergoes an in-depth medical examination - clinical examination, especially if he goes to kindergarten.The three-year medical examination includes:
- Examination by a pediatrician, neurologist, ophthalmologist, ENT doctor, orthopedic surgeon, dermatologist, speech therapist, dentist, possibly a gynecologist.
- Laboratory examination - clinical blood test, urine test, coproscopy, examination of scrapings for enterobiasis (or feces for helminth eggs).
The physical and mental development of a child at 3 years old has already passed through many stages. He suddenly turned from a baby into a preschooler. Parents had to go through the difficult transition period of a two-year-old, and now they can, to one degree or another, breathe easy.
The basic emotions and desires of three-year-old children are already more controlled, they become moderately obedient, and understand adults well. The child runs quickly, climbs over obstacles, and can perform two actions at the same time. Children speak in sentences and can explain in words what they want. At this age, they communicate well with each other and know how to play common games. In a word, the baby becomes almost an adult.
Physical development of a three-year-old child
The average weight of a boy at three years old is 13-17.4 kg, a girl weighs 12.5-17 kg. The height of boys is 91-102 cm, girls - 91-101 cm. The WHO physical development table gives slightly different indicators, the weight of a boy in it is 11.3-18.3 kg, girls - 10.8-18.1 kg, height accordingly - 88.7-103.5 cm, and 87.4-102.5 cm. In terms of their physical development, children at the age of three are increasingly different from each other. They begin to show genetic characteristics, body weight and height may depend on the quality of nutrition and other factors.
By the age of three, the child has acquired many motor skills. He confidently climbs and descends the stairs, alternately moving both legs. Plays with a ball, can throw it into a box, dig with one foot. He rides a tricycle and knows how to turn it in the right direction. Rises on tiptoes to reach something, jumps on one and two legs. Babies can stand on one leg for more than five seconds. They confidently overcome various obstacles, know how to walk on an inclined plane, turn in all directions, and back away. A child at this age must perform two actions at the same time. For example, clapping your hands and stomping your feet.
Children undergo intensive development of fine motor skills. They can already cope with the construction set, even if it contains small parts. They know how to cut with scissors and sculpt figures from plasticine. Children draw well; they can draw a circle, a square, a straight line, some large letters, and people with arms and legs. They independently build towers from 8-9 cubes and completely fold a colored pyramid. Children's games are becoming more and more complex, they come up with roles, make houses and garages out of construction sets, and put their dolls, animals and cars there. They fold and sort colorful pictures and cards with drawings, and begin to compose their own stories based on them. Can put together puzzles of 4-5 pieces.
By the age of three, the number of household skills also increases. Children dress and undress independently, try to tie their shoelaces and fasten buttons. They eat well with a spoon, hardly get dirty, drink from a mug, and know how to screw and unscrew the cap on a bottle. They wash their hands and dry them themselves without the help of their parents. Know how to use a handkerchief and napkins. They ask to go potty and regulate their physiological needs well.
Child's mental development
A child's cognitive development at age 3 is very progressive. All thought processes are activated, logical thinking begins to appear, concentration improves, and brain activity improves. Children of this age become why-wonderful; for them there are no things about which it is impossible to ask a question. In addition to the usual “what is this?”, “who is this?”, more and more “why” appears. The child tries to find out the reason for certain phenomena and actions. He will not leave his parents until he satisfies his curiosity. It is important to give the child as spatial answers as possible, then his thinking will be deep and not superficial.
By the age of three, a child’s imagination begins to develop. The girl comes up with names for her dolls, tries to compose simple fairy tales and act them out during the game. Boys prefer to imagine themselves as a brave warrior or superman, a driver or a builder. Children begin to come up with role-playing games with 2-3 characters. It is no longer so easy to distract them or switch their attention to something else. So far, the child continues to break his toys, but is already trying to put them back. In his hands they can acquire new functions.
By the age of three, a child can sort objects by color and shape. The number of mathematical skills increases, children can count to five and understand simple numbers. Can follow three adult commands at once. He enjoys looking at pictures in books and tells what is written on them. Recognizes parents, grandparents, and acquaintances in photographs. The peculiarities of his vision allow him to distinguish even the smallest details in pictures, shades of different colors. The baby learns poems and songs and dances with pleasure to the music. Can tell the content of a fairy tale coherently and solve simple riddles. Sorts objects according to their properties, distinguishes shape, color, material from which they are made. Able to generalize. For example, he knows that a dog, a tiger cub, and a person can have eyes. That in humans the lower limbs are legs, and in animals they are paws. Children also group objects according to methods of action. The dog and the mosquito bite, planes and helicopters fly.
Speech development of a child
By the age of three, children's vocabulary increases significantly. They actively use almost a thousand words. They construct complex sentences from them and actively use adjectives, prepositions, and verbs. They know how to correctly put cases and tenses in sentences. Children know their first and last name well, answer the question “What is your name?”, “How old are you?” They also name the names of loved ones. They are able to clearly express their desires and feelings in words. During the game they constantly talk, comment on their actions and the actions of the characters. The speech of children is quite clear and understandable, they make mistakes less and less often, and pronounce almost the entire alphabet, basic vowels and consonants. Children's perseverance and attentiveness become better, which makes it easier to work with them.
Children can memorize poems, fairy tales, songs. Looking at the pictures on the pages of the book, retell the fairy tale that you read a few days ago. They can tell you what they did yesterday or the day before, at the beginning of the week and even at the beginning of the month. They begin to figure out how much time has passed since this or that event.
Long-term memory can span an entire year. They know well where their toys and dishes are in the house, where the wardrobe is. They recognize people they have seen at least once in their lives. They begin to navigate the area well and can remember the road from the playground to the house. Closer to the age of four, they may know their hometown quite well.
Child's emotional development
The psycho-emotional, as well as mental development of a child at 3 years old reaches a new level. He is less likely to be capricious and throw tantrums, and his attacks of anger disappear. The problems of adolescence are gradually receding. Now he is learning to control his emotional state, listens to adults, responds to comments, does not shout in public places, and cries much less often. Praise kids often, they like it and develop a positive attitude towards life. But you need to scold the baby only in extreme cases; three-year-old children react very painfully to reproaches.
An important aspect of emotional development is the ability to make assessments. The baby begins to understand what is “good” and what is “bad”.
When he does something wrong, he expects punishment from his parents, fully understanding his wrongdoing. He can also evaluate someone else's action, characterizing it positively or negatively. The child's speech becomes emotionally charged. When I talk about some event, the kid raises his voice from an overabundance of feelings, confuses words, uses a lot of exclamations. His games become just as emotional. There are no limits to a child's imagination, so you will be surprised how original their characters are.
By the age of three, children have a more varied range of emotions. They know how not only to laugh and cry, but also to be embarrassed, admired, and sad. Sometimes the baby's facial expression becomes dreamy or thoughtful. Fears may also intensify. After all, imagination at this age is wild, a toddler can come up with a lot of monsters that live in the closet and are seriously afraid of them. Parents should not ignore this behavior. It is better to “check” with your child all the secret places where monsters can live in order to make sure that they are absent.
Child social development
The psychological and personal development of three-year-olds allows them to build stronger social connections. The main authorities for them remain their parents. Children actively copy their behavior, speech, and conversational intonations. Therefore, mom and dad need to monitor their behavior around the child. If they quarrel, their communication takes place in a raised tone, the baby will be nervous and copy this type of behavior in contacts with others. When parents show their love for each other, the baby will grow up calm and be able to share similar feelings with friends and peers. At the age of three, separation from mother is no longer perceived as tragic as before. Therefore, children can safely attend kindergarten, early development school, and are more willing to stay with a nanny.
Three-year-old children have already learned to play together. They are able to interact, create and remember the rules of the game. They often copy movements and skills from each other, which has a very positive effect on their development. The behavior of children can be different, some are happy to give away their toys, others are greedy. Some people prefer quiet role-playing games, others are more willing to run and jump. There are fighters among children, there are talkers and silent ones, some of them are sociable, and some are withdrawn. This means that by the age of three, individual character traits and temperamental characteristics begin to appear. Walk with your child where there are children. At the age of three, without communication with peers, he will not be able to fully grow and develop.
Nutrition and regime of a three-year-old child
By the age of three, a child eats almost everything. This does not mean that he can eat entirely from an adult table; his needs are slightly different from those of adults. The amount of food a baby should eat per day is 1500-1600 grams. About 500 g is milk and dairy products. Prepare food with your child and ask him what he will eat. In this way, the baby will learn to make his own choice, understand his own tastes, and be proud that his opinion is taken into account.
In order for the baby to receive all the necessary vitamins, his digestive system to work well, the menu should include vegetables, berries and fruits, as well as dried fruits. There are practically no restrictions, except that the child is allergic to some fruit. Beans are given with caution so as not to cause bloating. In addition to vegetables and fruits, children's diet should include porridge. It is advisable to choose them according to the baby’s taste, there are no more restrictions. The healthiest cereals in baby food are buckwheat, rice, oatmeal, millet; you can also give your child pearl barley, corn and barley porridge.
Proteins are one of the most essential food ingredients. They should be no less than 70-80 grams of the total daily amount of food. The child must eat fish, meat, and eggs. It is not yet recommended to give your baby fatty duck and goose, but a little pork, without lard, will not harm him. Fatty varieties of fish will be useful, because they contain a lot of vitamin D. The baby gets some of the proteins from dairy products; you can give him cottage cheese, hard and processed cheese, and fermented milk drinks. Children are fed eggs no more than 3-4 times a week. We must not forget about fluids; the child needs to drink about 600-700 milliliters per day. Practice making homemade juices, compotes, jelly and mousses. They are healthier than store-bought ones. Here is an approximate menu for a three-year-old baby:
- Morning meal. Mashed potatoes with dill, kefir, bread with butter and jam.
- Dinner. Vegetable soup with chicken broth, stew of potatoes, carrots, cauliflower and tomatoes, boiled chicken, compote, a piece of rye bread.
- Afternoon snack. Cottage cheese with sugar, a glass of milk, oatmeal cookies.
- Evening meal. Pasta baked with cabbage and cheese, tea, bread with butter and jam.
For three-year-old children, it is important to correctly create a daily routine and stick to it. The baby sleeps once a day for 1-3 hours, at night - 9-10 hours, rarely wakes up. Before daytime and evening sleep, you should take a walk with your child for 1-2 hours. If the weather is good, a morning walk, immediately after breakfast, will be beneficial. The best time for exercise is the first half of the day. You can do gymnastics after breakfast or after your child comes home from the street. It is better to do lessons for intellectual development with your child before lunch, and move creative activities to the evening. The regime for each child may have its own nuances. If your child attends kindergarten, you should also adhere to the same routine at home, on weekends or in the summer, as in the child care facility. Otherwise, it will be difficult for him to adapt after returning.
It is important to monitor your child's hygiene. Teach him to wash his hands before eating, after using the toilet and after walking. Brush your teeth with it twice a day. Finger nails should be trimmed once a week. Bath the baby every other day or every day. Teach your baby to collect his things after he has undressed. Let him put the clean ones in the closet, and take the dirty ones to the bathroom. This will affect his habits in the future and will teach the baby to be neat.
Activities for physical and mental development
At the age of three, it is important to pay attention to both the physical and mental development of children. Gymnastics should be done daily, for 20-30 minutes. Make it interesting and fun, practice with your child while listening to music. Let the child stretch his arms up, rise on tiptoes and say: “I’m big.” Then he will sit down and say “I’m small.” Ask your baby to stand on one leg for a long time, like a heron, and then alternately jump on one leg or the other. Lying on his back, the child raises his legs, thus pumping his abdominal muscles. Then he lies down on his tummy and tries to reach the back of his head with his toes. Exercises with a large gymnastic ball will be useful. Try to find educational videos or special pictures on the Internet, where exercises for three-year-olds are described in more detail.
By the age of three, children make great progress in speech development. Now they need to be taught to correctly form their thoughts, explain processes and events, and express emotions in words. Games with many questions will help a lot with this. Try with your child to group objects according to characteristics.
For example, find out what can be sweet, cold, high. Prepare cards with pictures, let him lay out and sort objects according to their main characteristics. Teach your child to navigate time. You can start mastering the calendar with it, let it remember the names of the seasons and months. Tell him about the sequence of actions. Emphasize that first you wash your hands, and then you can sit down to eat. First of all, you need to put on tights, then panties, then boots, and only after that you go for a walk.
Working with your child on the sequence of rows will be very useful. To do this you will need cards with drawings and color pictures. Children can be drawn on them at different stages of dressing, seasons, morning, day and night. You can start games in which you need to identify identical objects based on characteristics or find extra ones and create semantic pairs. Creative activities, modeling, drawing, and applique should occupy an important place. Let the child fantasize on his own, you just tell him which colors are best to use, which mold will help him create the desired figure. The parts for the appliqués can be ready-made, but it’s a good idea if the child cuts them out himself along the drawn lines. Mandatory materials for activities with a child should be coloring books, colored cards, cubes with letters and numbers, and other educational toys. Please provide comments for any type of activity. By talking to your child, you improve his speech.
Activities for emotional and psychological development
Musical classes and dancing are useful for emotional development, improving sensory and auditory perception. Show funny pictures in the book, learn funny poems and songs. After all, laughter is one of the most positive emotions, and a sense of humor will help a child have a positive attitude towards life in the future and cope with the most difficult situations. Parents should know that cheerful children experience age-related crises much faster and easier. Proper emotional development is no less important for a child than cognitive development. In addition, music, color pictures, books contribute to the development of sensory abilities, imagination, and initiative in children. Only through creativity, which is combined with learning, can children grow and improve their skills.
The construction set develops fine motor skills very well. Its parts can be of different sizes, both large and small. Try building a house out of Lego with your child, then put a bunny in it, and come up with a fairy tale about it together. If you practice early development, you will need the alphabet, Doman cards or Zaitsev cubes, notebooks, albums and other useful material that improves mental skills and logic. The alphabet can also be studied with the help of ordinary books, with letters, pictures and rhymes. The development of mathematical abilities is facilitated by the study of numbers and sequential series; at the age of three, you can already begin to teach your child simple arithmetic operations. The thematic activity should be interesting so that the child does not get bored and lose interest in it.
SendWhen using any technique, proper lesson planning is important. Use all the recommendations given in the manual. Only strict adherence to the instructions will help you fully achieve the result. And remember, activities with your child should bring him pleasure. Ask him less about the material he has learned, don’t give him endless tests, and don’t be too strict. Take a responsible approach to choosing the direction of your activity, because at the age of three years, the individual abilities of children already begin to manifest themselves. If a child is calm, intellectual and creative activities are more suitable for him; if he is hyperactive, more attention should be paid to physical development and outdoor games. Don’t forget to read books to your child and teach him poetry. Only in this way can one improve memory and develop correct speech and pronunciation.
Remember, a website or women's forum is not the place where you should look for advice or evaluate your child's development. Only a consultation with a pediatrician or psychologist can help identify the problem. All children are special and develop in their own way. The norms are rather arbitrary, and deviations from them do not always indicate a serious pathology. Regular activities with the child, daily learning through play, love for him and attention, this is what helps the baby grow and learn about the world correctly.
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