What to do to save the Japanese green pigeon. Japanese green pigeon

• Class: Aves = Birds
• Superorder: Neognathae = New palate birds, neognathae
• Order: Columbae, or Columbiformes = Pigeons, pigeon-shaped
• Family: Columbidae = Pigeons

Species: Treron sieboldii (Temminck, 1835) = Japanese green pigeon

The genus Treron is represented by 13 species. The plumage of the bird is green with an olive or yellowish tint. The color of the plumage is less bright than that of other carnivorous pigeons. When kept in a cage, the pigments in the plumage are usually destroyed and its color becomes gray with white spots and a yellowish tint.

Green pigeons are common in South Asia and Africa. Omi are inconspicuous among the foliage of tropical and subtropical trees, although most species live in flocks. The green color of the plumage is associated with the structure of the feather. Their grooves have numerous tubercles containing lens-shaped grains of green pigment. They evenly scatter the reflected green color in all directions, which camouflages the birds among the trees.

A characteristic feature of this group of pigeons is a notch on the third flight feather from the edge, the shape of which depends on the type of pigeon. The birds are squat, with a short tail and feathered legs.

Green pigeons feed on fig trees and juicy fruits, swallowing them whole. As food passes through the digestive tract, the fruits are completely digested, because the hard shell of the seeds is crushed in the muscular stomach and its remains are thrown out along with the droppings. Green pigeons pick fruits with their tree beaks, like parrots, hanging upside down. Naturally, these birds stay where there is food, inhabiting forests both on the plains and in the mountains. They deftly run along tree branches in search of food; They go down to the ground only to drink water. Green pigeons fly very quickly, deftly maneuvering between the trees. The voice of these birds is very different from that of other pigeons; the sounds they make are similar to the squealing of a puppy, the croaking of a frog, flute sounds, etc. When flying, they make characteristic whistling sounds, for which they are also sometimes called whistling pigeons.

In captivity, green pigeons quickly adapt to new living conditions and, with proper feeding, which should mainly consist of fruits and berries with the addition of sweetened millet or rice porridge, do not lose the beautiful green color of their plumage. It is best to keep them in a large enclosure at an air temperature of 5 - 10" C, since in a cramped cage they can be boring and inactive. In a spacious room, green pigeons willingly run around a lot, climb tree branches, which should be installed in the enclosure for this purpose in tubs.

Pigeons and prevention of their diseases. A.I.Rakhmakhov, B.F.Bessarabov (Moscow, Rosselkhozizdat, 1987)

Species: Treron sieboldii (Temminck, 1835) = Japanese green pigeon

Habitat

A rare species with a limited distribution area. Wing length 200-250 mm. Forest zone.

Spreading. The northern border of the green pigeon's range lies in Russia. Possibly nests on the island. Kunashir (South Kuril Islands) and South Sakhalin. as well as on the coast of the lake. Khanka - early July 1968. In September, birds were seen on the island. Kunashir (Kuril Islands) and near the village of Kievka in the Lazovsky Nature Reserve, in October - on the Muravyovskaya Lowland near Lake. Dobretskoye, Southern Sakhalin, and in November a dead bird was found in the valley of the river. Kedrovaya, Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve (1 - 6). Green pigeons inhabit broad-leaved and mixed forests with an abundance of cherry and bird cherry trees, grape and actinidia vines, elderberry bushes and other plants, the fruits of which they feed on.

Outside Russia, the nesting range covers the Japanese islands from Hokkaido in the north to Ryukyu in the south, as well as about. Taiwan and southeast coast of China (7).

Number. The total number is unknown. In summer, on the islands of Sakhalin and Kunashir, pigeons were observed more often alone, less often in flocks of 3 - 6 birds.

Limiting factors. Not clear.

Security measures. Hunting is prohibited.

Sources of information: 1. Nechaev, 1969; 2. Boyko, Shcherbak, 1974; 3. Nechaev, 1975a; 4. Polivanova, Glushchenko, 1977; 5. Ostapenko et al., 1975; 6. Dokuchaev, Laptev, 1974; 7. Stepanyan, 1975. Compiled by: V. A. Nechaev.

http://www.nature.ok.ru

The Japanese green pigeon is a species of bird in the family Pigeon. The specific Latin name is given in honor of the German naturalist Philipp Siebold.

The Japanese green pigeon is a very cautious and little-studied bird, even in its relatively wide distribution.

Habitat of the Japanese green pigeon

The range covers the Japanese Islands, the Korean Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, South Sakhalin and Primorye. In Russia it is considered a rare species with a disjunctive, peripheral range. This is the only representative of the genus Green Pigeons in the fauna of the Russian Federation. Outside Russia, they nest on the islands of the Japanese archipelago from Hokkaido in the north to Ryukyu in the south, and are also found in Taiwan and along the entire southeastern coast of China. In Korea and on about. Ulleungdo is more of a migratory bird. Presumably, it nests in Kunashir and in the southern part of Sakhalin.

Appearance of Japanese green pigeon

Externally, this bird is a bit like a wood pigeon or a wood pigeon, but has denser and brighter plumage. The body length of the Japanese green pigeon can be from 25 to 35 centimeters, and it weighs about 300 grams. It has a dense build and a small head. The neck is relatively short. These birds have a slightly swollen, medium-length beak. The wings are small, rounded at the ends. They also have a short, but wide and straight tail. The plumage is quite dense and relatively soft. Their main color is yellowish-green. But even though their feathers are such a bright color, the color is not saturated throughout the whole body: the wings and tail are brighter, but the body, neck and head are duller.

Feeding of the Japanese green pigeon

The Japanese green pigeon is a herbivorous bird and its diet includes cherry and bird cherry berries. They also often like to eat fig trees and various juicy fruits. They immediately swallow food whole. They pick most of their food from trees while sitting on a branch. In this way they are similar to representatives of the parrot order.

Lifestyle of Japanese Green Pigeon

The Japanese green pigeon prefers primary undisturbed mixed and broad-leaved forests of the Far Eastern type. Suffering from logging and other anthropogenic factors. Green pigeons love forest undergrowth with cherry and bird cherry, grapes and actinidia, elderberry, honeysuckle and other plants, the fruits of which they eat. Every day it makes multi-kilometer flights between nesting, feeding and watering places.

Males display a mournful sound O-ao, A-oa, O-aoa, with emphasis on A. During the breeding season, birds consume sea water and also drink water from mineral springs.

Reproduction of Japanese green pigeon

The Japanese green pigeon is a rare species, and therefore little is known about its life. Today, scientists know that Japanese green pigeons are monogamous birds. They weave their nests from thin twigs and place them in trees at a height of up to 20 meters. It is believed that partners hatch eggs in turns for 20 days. And after this, helpless, down-covered chicks are born, which will learn to fly only after five weeks. However, pairs or flocks of green pigeons are rarely seen in Russia; most often they are noticed alone.

Population status and conservation of the Japanese green pigeon

The species is included in the Red Books of the Russian Federation (2001), Primorsky Territory (2005) and Sakhalin Region (2016).

Hunting for the species is prohibited in Russia.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Japanese green pigeon
Japanese green pigeon feeding on grapes
Scientific classification
International scientific name
Treron sieboldii (Temminck, )

Japanese green pigeon(lat. Treron sieboldii listen)) is a species of bird in the family Pigeonidae. The specific Latin name is given in honor of the German naturalist Philipp Siebold (1796-1866).

Characteristic

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Japanese green pigeon

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As you know, forests are not only the lungs of the planet and a storehouse of various berries, mushrooms and medicinal herbs, but also home to many amazing animals. In this regard, we are telling you about some rare animals that live in Russian forests.

Musk deer

This small deer-like animal with fangs lives in the mountain coniferous forests of the Sayans, Altai, Transbaikalia and Primorye. Despite its terrifying appearance, the musk deer feeds exclusively on vegetation. However, the musk deer is notable not only for this, but also for its attractive smell, which lures females for mating. This smell appears due to the musk gland located in the male’s belly next to the genitourinary canal.

As you know, musk is a valuable component of various medicines and perfumes. And it is precisely because of this that musk deer often become the prey of hunters and poachers. Another reason why this unusual animal is considered an endangered species is that the boundaries of its range are shrinking, which is associated with increased human economic activity (mainly deforestation).

One solution to the problem of preserving the species in the wild is the farming of musk deer and the selection of musk from living males. However, breeding musk deer is not as easy as, for example, cows.

Japanese green pigeon

This unusual bird, about 33 cm long and weighing approximately 300 grams, has a bright yellowish-green color. It is common in Southeast Asia, but is also found in the Sakhalin region (Crillon Peninsula, Moneron Islands and South Kuril Islands). The bird inhabits deciduous and mixed forests with an abundance of cherry and bird cherry trees, elderberry bushes and other plants, the fruits of which it feeds on.

photo: elite-pets.narod.ru

The Japanese green pigeon is a rare species, and therefore little is known about its life. Today scientists know that green pigeons are monogamous birds. They weave their nests from thin twigs and place them in trees at a height of up to 20 meters. It is believed that partners hatch eggs in turns for 20 days. And after this, helpless, down-covered chicks are born, which will learn to fly only after five weeks. However, pairs or flocks of green pigeons are rarely seen in Russia; most often they are noticed alone.

Far Eastern or Amur leopards

These graceful cats today inhabit the forests of the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang and the Primorsky Territory of Russia. In this small territory (an area of ​​about 5000 km²), about forty of these cats live today, 7-12 individuals of which live in China, and 20-25 in Russia.

photo: nat-geo.ru

Even at the beginning of the 20th century, there were much more rare cats, and their range covered a considerable territory - the eastern and northeastern parts of China, the Korean Peninsula, the Amur, Primorsky and Ussuri territories. However, between 1970 and 1983, the Far Eastern leopard lost 80% of its territory! The main reasons then were forest fires and the conversion of forest areas for agriculture.

Today, the Amur leopard continues to lose its territory and also suffers from a lack of food. After all, roe deer, sika deer and other ungulates, which this leopard hunts, are killed in huge numbers by poachers. And since the Far Eastern leopard has beautiful fur, it itself is a very desirable trophy for poachers.

Also, due to the lack of suitable food in the wild, Far Eastern leopards are forced to go to reindeer herding farms in search of it. There, predators are often killed by the owners of these farms. And on top of that, due to the small size of the population of Amur leopards, it will be very difficult for representatives of the subspecies to survive during various disasters like a fire.

However, all this does not mean that the subspecies will soon disappear. Today there are still large areas of forest that provide suitable habitat for the Far Eastern leopard. And if these areas can be preserved and protected from fires and poaching, then the population of these amazing animals in the wild will increase.

Interestingly, Far Eastern leopards are the only leopards that have been able to learn to live and hunt in harsh winter conditions. In this, by the way, they are helped by long hair, as well as strong and long legs, which allow them to catch up with prey while moving through the snow. However, Amur leopards are not only good hunters, but also exemplary family men. Indeed, sometimes males stay with females after mating and even help them with raising kittens, which, in principle, is not typical for leopards.

Alkina

These butterflies live in the southwest of Primorsky Krai and are found along streams and rivers in mountain forests, where the food plant of the caterpillars of the species, the Manchurian liana, grows. Most often, male butterflies fly to the flowers of this plant, and females sit in the grass most of the time. Alkinoe females tend to linger on this plant to lay eggs on its leaves.

Photo: photosight.ru

Today, due to disturbance of the habitat of kirkazona and its collection as a medicinal plant, its quantity in nature is decreasing, which, of course, affects the number of alkinoe. On top of everything else, butterflies suffer because they are collected by collectors.

bison

Previously, these animals were widespread in the territory of the former USSR, but by the beginning of the 20th century they survived only in Belovezhskaya Pushcha and the Caucasus. However, even there their numbers were steadily declining. For example, by 1924, only 5-10 bison remained in the Caucasus. The main reasons for the decline of bison were their extermination by hunters and poachers, as well as destruction during military operations.

photo: animalsglobe.ru

The restoration of their numbers began in 1940 in the Caucasus Nature Reserve, and now bison inhabit two regions in Russia - the North Caucasus and the center of the European part. In the North Caucasus, bison live in Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Chechnya, Ingushetia and the Stavropol Territory. And in the European part there are isolated herds of bison in the Tver, Vladimir, Rostov and Vologda regions.

Bison have always been inhabitants of deciduous and mixed forests, but avoided extensive forest areas. In the Western Caucasus, these animals live mainly at an altitude of 0.9 - 2.1 thousand meters above sea level, often going out into clearings or treeless slopes, but never moving away from forest edges.

In appearance, the bison is very similar to its American relative, the bison. Nevertheless, it is still possible to distinguish them. First of all, the bison has a higher hump and longer horns and tail than the bison. And in the hot months, the back of the bison is covered with very short hair (it even seems that it is bald), while the bison has hair of the same length all over its body at any time of the year.

The bison is listed in the Red Book of Russia as an endangered species and today lives in many nature reserves and zoos.

Fish owl

This species settles along the banks of rivers in the Far East from Magadan to the Amur region and Primorye, as well as on Sakhalin and the Southern Kuril Islands. The fish owl prefers to live in the hollows of old trees with an abundance of aquatic prey nearby, however, old forests and hollow trees are often cut down, which inevitably displaces these birds from their habitats. In addition, fish eagle owls are caught by poachers, and they often fall into traps while trying to pull the bait out of them. The development of water tourism on the Far Eastern rivers and, consequently, increased disturbance of these birds gradually leads to a decrease in the number of eagle owls and interferes with their reproduction. All this has led to the fact that today this species is endangered.

photo: animalbox.ru

The fish owl is one of the largest owls in the world, as well as the largest member of its genus. Interestingly, these birds can hunt in two different ways. Most often, the fish eagle looks for fish while sitting on a stone in the river, from the shore or from a tree hanging over the river. Having noticed the prey, the eagle owl dives into the water and instantly grabs it with its sharp claws. And when this predator tries to catch sedentary fish, crayfish or frogs, it simply enters the water and probes the bottom with its paw in search of prey.

Giant noctule

This bat, the largest in Russia and Europe, lives in deciduous forests in the territory from the western borders of our country to the Orenburg region, as well as from the northern borders to the Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions. There they settle in tree hollows, 1-3 individuals each, in colonies of other bats (usually rufous and lesser noctules).

photo: drugoigorod.ru

The giant noctule is a rare species, but ecologists do not know exactly what is causing their low numbers. According to scientists, the threat is posed by deforestation of broad-leaved forests. However, today there are no special measures to protect these animals, since it is not clear what measures will be effective.

Interestingly, these bats hunt large beetles and moths, flying over forest edges and ponds. However, analysis of blood and droppings showed that these animals also feed on small birds during migrations, however, this has never been recorded.

Sky barbel

In Russia, in the south of the Primorsky Territory (in the Terneysky, Ussuriysky, Shkotovsky, Partizansky and Khasansky districts) a beetle with a bright blue color lives. It lives in broadleaf forests mainly in the wood of the greenbark maple. There the female beetle lays eggs, and after about half a month the larvae appear. They develop in the wood for about 4 years, and then, in June, the larva gnaws out the “cradle” and pupates. After about 20 days, the beetle emerges from the wood and immediately begins to reproduce. He will spend all his strength on this for the rest of his life, which lasts only two weeks.

photo: historical-samara.rf

The barbel is listed in the Red Book of Russia as a rare species whose numbers are declining. According to environmentalists, the reason for this is deforestation and a sharp decrease in the number of greenbark maples.

Himalayan or white-breasted bear

The Ussuri white-breasted bear inhabits the deciduous forests of the Primorsky Territory, the southern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory and the southeastern part of the Amur Region. Until 1998, it was listed in the Red Book of Russia as a rare species, and today it is a hunting species. However, if in the 90s its number was 4-7 thousand individuals, now this bear is on the verge of extinction (its population is up to 1 thousand individuals). The reason for this was, first of all, deforestation and mass hunting. The latter, by the way, was discussed during the international environmental forum “Nature without Borders” in Vladivostok, after which in 2006 a decision was made in the Primorsky Territory to introduce restrictions on hunting the Himalayan bear during hibernation.

Photo: myplanet-ua.com

The white-breasted bear leads a semi-arboreal lifestyle: it gets food in trees and hides from enemies (these are mainly Amur tigers and brown bears). Almost the entire diet of this bear consists of plant foods, in particular nuts, fruits and berries, as well as shoots, bulbs and rhizomes. It also does not refuse to feast on ants, insects, mollusks and frogs.

Black stork

This is a widespread but rare species, whose numbers are declining due to human economic activity, manifested in the clearing of forests and drainage of swamps. Today the bird is found in forests from the Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions to Southern Primorye. The black stork prefers to settle near bodies of water in deep, old forests.

photo: Lisa 013

It is there, on old tall trees (and sometimes on rock ledges) that black storks build nests, which they will then use for several years. When the time comes to invite the female to the nest (around the end of March), the male fluffs up his white undertail and begins to emit a hoarse whistle. The eggs laid by the female (from 4 to 7 pieces) will be incubated by the partners in turn until the chicks hatch from them after 30 days.

Red or mountain wolf

This representative of the animal world has a body up to 1 meter long and can weigh from 12 to 21 kg. Outwardly, it can be confused with a fox, and this is precisely one of the main reasons for its extinction. Hunters who know a little about animals shoot mountain wolves in large numbers.

Photo: natureworld.ru

He attracted people's attention with his fluffy fur, which has a beautiful bright red color. It is also worth noting that his tail is slightly different from a fox's, having a black tip. The habitat of this wolf is the Far East, China and Mongolia.

Przewalski's horse

The Przewalski's horse is the only species of wild horse remaining on our planet. The ancestors of all domestic horses were other wild horses - tarpans, now extinct. In addition to the tarpan, a close relative of the Przewalski's horse can be considered the Asian donkey - the kulan.

Photo: animalsglobe.ru

The Przewalski's horse is considered a primitive species and, along with equines, retains some characteristics of a donkey. It differs from domestic horses in its dense build, short, strong neck, and low legs. Her ears are small, but her head, on the contrary, is large and heavy, like a donkey’s. A distinctive feature of wild horses is a stiff, erect mane without bangs. The color of Przewalski's horses is red with a lighter belly and muzzle. The mane, tail and legs are black.

Due to a lack of food resources and hunting, Przewalski's horses completely disappeared in nature by the 60s of the 20th century. But a large number of these animals are preserved in zoos around the world. As a result of painstaking work, it was possible to overcome the problems with closely related crossing of Przewalski's horses and some of the individuals were released in the Khustan-Nuru Nature Reserve (Mongolia).

Interesting fact— as an experimental project, in the early 1990s, several individuals were released into the wild, and not just somewhere, but into the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. There they began to multiply, and now there are about one hundred of them in the zone.

Amur goral

The Amur goral is a subspecies of mountain goat named Goral, found in the Primorsky Territory in the amount of 600-700 goats and goats. Protected by the state. Friends and relatives of the Amur goral live in the Himalayas and Tibet, and correspond with the Amur goral extremely rarely.

Photo: entertainmentstar.blogspot.com

Goral is afraid of the wolf and often dies from its arrogant teeth. In general, it seems that wolves are the most important goats. In fact, only a real goat can calmly eat the Amur goral, which is listed in the Red Book.

Western Caucasian tur or Caucasian mountain goat

The West Caucasian Tur lives in the Caucasus Mountains, namely along the Russian-Georgian border. It was recorded in the Red Book of Russia “thanks to” human activity, as well as due to mating with the East Caucasian aurochs. The latter leads to the birth of infertile individuals.

Photo: infoniac.ru

The number of these animals in the wild today is estimated at 10 thousand individuals. The International Union for Conservation of Nature gives Western Caucasian tur status “in danger”.

Asiatic cheetah

Previously, it could be found on a vast territory that stretched from the Arabian Sea to the valley of the Syrdarya River. Today in nature there are only about 10 individuals of this rare species, and in all zoos in the world you can count 23 representatives of the Asian cheetah.

Photo: murlika.msk.ru

The Asiatic cheetah is not much different in appearance from its African counterpart. An elegant body without a single hint of fat deposits, a powerful tail and a small muzzle, decorated with pronounced “tear tracks”. However, genetically these subspecies differ so much that the African cat will not be able to replenish the population of Asians.

The reasons for the disappearance of this animal were interference in the lives of human cats and the lack of their main food - ungulates. The predator cannot meet its nutritional needs with hares and rabbits and often attacks domestic animals.

Photo: infoniac.ru

This aristocratic cat considers it unworthy to hide in ambush during a hunt. It silently approaches the potential victim at a distance of up to 10 meters and instantly picks up a huge speed of up to 115 km/h and catches up with the prey, knocking down even large animals with a blow of its paw, and then strangling the victim. A hunter needs only 0.5 seconds to jump 6-8 meters long. However, the chase lasts only about 20 seconds; the cat spends too much energy on such a super-powerful jerk; the breathing rate in such a race exceeds 150 times per minute. Half the chases are unsuccessful, and while the cheetah is resting, its prey is often taken by larger cats. However, an Asian will never eat leftovers from other animals or carrion. Rather, he would prefer to go hunting again.

Probably, these beauties almost went extinct during the Ice Age, all representatives are close relatives, and even without human intervention, signs of inbreeding and extinction are clearly visible. There is too much mortality among cheetah kittens, more than half of them do not live to be 1 year old. In captivity, these predators practically do not produce offspring. In ancient times, when these hunting cats occupied a worthy place in the courts of high nobles and did not need anything, the birth of kittens was very rare.

Amur tiger

The Amur tiger is the largest tiger in the world. And the only one of the tigers who has mastered life in the snow. No other country in the world has such an asset. Without exaggeration, this is one of the most advanced predators among all others. Unlike the lion, which forms prides (families) and lives through collective hunts, the tiger is a distinct loner, and therefore requires the highest skill in hunting.

Photo: ecamir.ru

The tiger crowns the top of the food pyramid of a unique ecological system called the Ussuri taiga. Therefore, the state of the tiger population is an indicator of the state of the entire Far Eastern nature.

The fate of the Amur tiger is dramatic. In the middle of the 19th century it was numerous. At the end of the 19th century. Up to 100 animals were hunted annually. In the thirties of the last century, the tiger was occasionally found only in the most remote corners of the Ussuri taiga, difficult to reach by humans. The Amur tiger is on the verge of extinction due to unregulated shooting of adult individuals, intensive capture of tiger cubs, clearing of forests in the vicinity of some rivers and a decrease in the number of wild artiodactyl animals caused by increased hunting pressure and other reasons; Winters with little snow also had an adverse effect.

Photo: brightwallpapers.com.ua

In 1935, a large and one-of-a-kind Sikhote-Alin State Nature Reserve was organized in the Primorsky Territory. Somewhat later - Lazovsky and Ussuriysky nature reserves. Since 1947, tiger hunting was strictly prohibited. Even the capture of tiger cubs for zoos was allowed only on occasion, with special permits. These measures turned out to be timely. Already in 1957, the number of Amur tigers almost doubled compared to the thirties, and by the early sixties it exceeded one hundred. The Amur tiger is protected by the state - it is listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation; hunting and catching tigers is prohibited.

Since 1998, the federal target program “Conservation of the Amur Tiger”, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, has been implemented. There are just over 500 Amur tigers left in the Far East. The country has a presidential program to protect them. Without exaggeration, every animal has a special place.

General characteristics and field characteristics

Wood pigeon of medium size, bright yellowish-green color, with a wedge-shaped tail. The flight is fast, straight, with frequent wing beats. Like other species of pigeons, it takes off with the noisy flapping of its wings. In flight it appears light-colored and long-tailed. If it sits motionless on tree branches, it is hardly noticeable among the green leaves. Usually it stays in the crowns of trees, less often it descends onto the branches of tall bushes. Walks on the ground little and reluctantly. Inhabits mixed and deciduous forests. “Song” - cooing: “uu-uu-uur-uurr-uuuur-ur” is performed in low tones, dullly, with a rumbling sound and ends with a short, quickly ending howl (Nechaev, 1969). Repeats several times in a row with short pauses and is heard at a distance of up to 1 km. The voice is also expressed as “oaoooh, oaoooh”, and in case of anxiety - “riu” (Yamashina, 1974). Very cautious and secretive; it is more often heard than seen. During the non-breeding period, birds usually keep in flocks.

Description

Coloring. Sexual dimorphism is manifested in the color of the plumage: males are brighter colored and slightly larger than females. The male's forehead, throat, area between the eye and the beak, crop and chest are yellow with a green tint. An orange coating appears on the crop and chest. The frenulum, ear coverts, crown, nape and neck are yellowish-green. On the upper side of the neck there is a gray collar with a green tint. The back and upper tail coverts are dark green. The lesser and middle upperwing coverts are brownish-red, and the greater uppercoverts are green with wide brown and narrow light yellow edges on the outer webs of individual feathers.

A brown coating is noted on the shoulder feathers, and in some individuals on the back. The belly is white with a yellow tint. The sides of the body are gray; At the border with the abdomen, gray feathers with green tips, light yellow feathers with longitudinal green stripes, and green feathers with light yellow rims are visible. The undertail is light yellow with green bases and light tips of the feathers. The lower tail coverts are yellowish-white: the central feathers have wedge-shaped dark green stripes along the shaft, the outer feathers are green with yellowish-white tips. The length of the central pair of these feathers is equal to the length of the central tail feathers. The feathers covering the thighs are gray and green with yellowish-white tips.

The primary flight feathers are black, on the outer webs there are narrow light yellow edges, which on III–I feathers are along the entire web, on the rest - only in the upper part. The secondary ones are of different colors: VIII and IX are green, the rest are grayish-black with a green field and a light yellow border along the outer webs. The coverts of the primary are black, the coverts of the secondary are grayish-green with narrow light yellow edges. Two parallel light yellow stripes stand out on the wing: one along the outer edges of the secondaries, the other along the edges of their coverts. The undersides of the wings are dark gray; in some individuals the light gray tips of the primaries are noticeable below. The tail is wedge-shaped: the outer tail feathers are 2–3 cm shorter than the central feathers. The upper side of the central feathers is green, the rest are green with a pre-apical black field. The underside of the tail is black with gray stripes on the tops of the feathers. The legs are bright crimson, the claws are brownish. The beak is grayish-blue, its base is blue. Rainbow blue; its outer edge is pinkish.

The female is colored mainly like the male, but her head, crop and chest are predominantly green; the upper wing coverts are green rather than brown; the back is darker green; there is no orange coating on the crop and chest, and the throat is greenish-yellow, noticeably lighter than the crop and head.

Down outfit. The chick is covered with down. The color of birds in the first autumn (juvenile) plumage is similar to the color of an adult female, but all the plumage is dull and loose. Seasonal and age-related color variability has not been studied.

Structure and dimensions

Dimensions (in mm) T. s. sieboldii. Males (n = 15): wing length 183–200 (average 193 ± 1.3), tail 120–150 (average 136 ± 2.3), tarsus 22–26 (average 23.9 ± 0.3 ), beak (from the frontal plumage) 17–20 (average 181 ± 0.2); females (n = 5): wing length 180–192 (average 189 ± 2.5), tail 130–137 (average 134.4), tarsus 20–25 (average 22.8 ± 1.0), beaks 17–19 (average 17.8 ± 0.4). Weight (in g): males (n = 7) 258–359 (average 299.9 ± 1.5), females (n = 2) 266.7 and 332.0 (Kunashir and Sakhalin islands).

Shedding

The nature of molting and the sequence of changing outfits have not been studied. Birds caught on Sakhalin and Kunashir from July to September were in a state of molting: they were finishing or had already completed the renewal of their flight feathers and were intensively replacing small integumentary feathers. The primary ones molt from X to I, the secondary ones molt centripetally, from the edges to the middle. Four males (July, Kunashir Island) have new primary ones, with the exception of I, which was preserved from the previous outfit. In the male dated July 2 (Sakhalin Island), I is primarily old, II has not grown to normal, the rest are new; 1–3 are minor new, 4th are not up to standard, 5–7 are old, the rest are new. In the male dated July 29 (Moneron Island), 10 has not yet reached the norm.

The male from July 26 (Kunashir Island) finished molting his primary flight feathers, and old and new feathers were noted among the secondary ones. The autumn male was also in a state of molting (September 27, Southern Primorye), whose tassel of the first primary flight feather had barely unfolded. In the adult female (from June 29, Sakhalin Island), the primary ones are new and the renewal of the secondary ones has begun, but in the first-year female (from June 26, Sakhalin Island) the primary ones have not yet changed. The female from September 14 from Kunashir Island also shed intensively (Ostapenko et al., 1975).

All examined males and females did not shed their tails in July-September. There was a renewal of small integumentary feathers on the back, chest, sides of the body and other areas. The young bird (from November 26, Southern Primorye) was wearing fresh feathers. Another young bird (from October 20, Sakhalin Island) was from a late brood; she was finishing her molt from down to youthful attire; The flight feathers and tail feathers were of normal length, stumps and barely unfurled tassels stuck out on the head and neck among the feathers, and embryonic down remained on the forehead.

Subspecies taxonomy

Polytypic species. Variability is manifested mainly in shades of plumage color and overall size. There are four subspecies (Vaurie, 1965; Howard and Moore, 1980). T. s. flies into Russia and probably nests. sieboldii (Temminck), which is somewhat larger than other subspecies, has a wine-colored color on its back (Stepanyan, 1975).

Treron sieboldii sieboldii

Columba sieboldii Temminck, 1835, - in Temminck of Laugier,. Planches color., livr. 93, pi. 549, Japan

Japanese islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).

Spreading

The species' range covers Southeast Asia: the Japanese islands - Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu (Check-list of Japanese birds, 1974), Taiwan Island, southern and central regions of China (south of the Yangtze River), Indochina Peninsula (Vaurie , 1965; Stepashin, 1975). Flights to Sado, Oki, Tsushima, Oda-Odasawara, Iwo and other Japanese islands are known (Check-list of Japanese birds, 1974) (Fig. 26).

Figure 26.
a - nesting area. Subspecies: 1 - Treron sieboldii sieboldii, 2 - T. s. sororius, 3 - T. s. murielae, 4 - T. s. fopingensis

On the territory of Russia, the green pigeon was found: on Kunashir Island (Southern Kuril Islands) repeatedly from June to September, starting in 1962 (Nechaev, 1969; Boyko, Shcherbak, 1974; Ostapenko et al., 1975); on Sakhalin Island - on the southwestern coast of Cape Crillon in June-August 1974 (Nechaev, 1979a) and in May-August 1980–1984. (data from V.A. Nechaev), as well as on the Muravyovskaya Lowland near lake. Dobretskoye October 20, 1978 (exhibit in the Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore); on Moneron Island, located near Sakhalin Island, from July 17 to July 29, 1973 (Nechaev, 1975); in the south of Primorsky Krai - from August 17 to September 27, 1972 and October 29–31, 1980 on the territory of the Lazovsky Nature Reserve (Dokuchaev, Laptev, 1974), in early July 1968 near lake. Khanka and November 26, 1972 in the Kedrovaya Pad nature reserve (Polivanova, Glushchenko, 1977), July 12, 1977 near the village. Terney (Elsukov, 1981), July 9 and 10, 1974 at the mouth of the river. Razdolnaya, and on June 25, 1979, in August 1982 and July 4–5, 1983 near the village. Ryazanovka, Khasansky district (Nazarov, Kuriny, 1981; Nazarov, 1986); in June-July 1980 on the islands of Bolshoi Pelis, Stenina and de Livrona (Rimsky-Korsakov archipelago) in Peter the Great Gulf (Nazarov, Shibaev, 1984) (Fig. 27).

Figure 27.

Migrations

In Japan, the green pigeon is a partial migrant; northern populations fly to winter in the southwestern regions of the islands of Honshu and Kyushu and further south to the islands of Tanegashima, Yakushima and Izu (Austin, Kuroda, 1953; Check-list of Japanese birds, 1974). Arrives on Hokkaido Island in early June and leaves in October (Ausin, Kuroda, 1953). During seasonal migrations, it appears on the sea coast, on plains and lowlands (Yamashina, 1974). In the subtropics and tropics it is a sedentary bird. The pigeons found in Russia are migrants from Northern Japan. The earliest sighting on Sakhalin Island was May 23, 1981 and 1984. (data from V.A. Nechaev), the latest - October 20, 1978 in Southern Sakhalin and November 26, 1972 in Southern Primorye (Polivanova, Glushchenko, 1977).

Habitat

Mountain and lowland forests. On the Northern Japanese Islands it lives in dense tall-trunked broad-leaved and mixed forests: on the island of Hokkaido at an altitude of up to 400 m, on the island of Honshu - up to 1,500 m above sea level. seas. In addition, on the island of Honshu it settles in old (hundred-year-old) mixed forests near temples (Jahn, 1942; Austin, Kuroga, 1953). On Sakhalin Island (Crillon Peninsula), birds are regularly observed in mixed (coniferous-stone birch) forests on mountain slopes with curled oak, Calopanax sevenloba, small-leaved maple, Sakhalin cherry, Ainu bird cherry and various species of vines, shrubs and herbaceous plants; prefer forest areas with cherry and bird cherry (data from V. A. Nechaev). On Kunashir Island they live in coniferous-deciduous forests in the south of the island (Nechaev, 1969), in the south of Primorsky Krai - in broad-leaved and mixed forests on plains and mountain slopes, mainly near the sea coast.

Number

In Japan, according to some sources, the green pigeon is a common bird (Jahn, 1942; Yamashina, 1974), according to others (Austin, Keroda, 1953), it is relatively rare. In Russia, on the islands of Kunashir and Sakhalin, single birds and flocks of 4–6 individuals were encountered, on Moneron Island - a flock of three birds, in the Primorsky Territory - mostly single birds.

Reproduction

Daily activity, behavior

This bird is diurnal. Spends the night on tree branches. During the post-breeding period and on migrations, it most often lives in flocks. Very cautious and secretive; prefers to stay in the crowns of trees. Sometimes found on the banks of fresh and salt water bodies, from which it drinks water. The behavior has not been studied.

Nutrition

The green pigeon belongs to the group of fruit-eating pigeons. Its main food is the buds, flowers and fruits of woody plants (trees, shrubs and vines). On Sakhalin Island in June, birds ate buds and flowers of Sakhalin cherry (Cerasus sachalinensis), mixed mountain ash (Corbus commixta), Ainu bird cherry (Padus assiori), Sakhalin elderberry (Sambucus sachalinensis), curly oak (Querqus crispula), and unripe cherry fruits ; in July - flowers of Ainu bird cherry and other plants, ripe cherry fruits, unripe elderberry and bird cherry fruits. On Kunashir Island in July, birds fed on the fruits of the valley elm (Ulmus propinqua), Sakhalin cherry, Kuril cherry (Cerasus kurilensis), Siebold elderberry (Sambucus sieboldiana), flowers of the bristle-grass (Celastrus strigillosus) and cherry (Nechaev, 1969). On Moneron Island, at the end of July they ate the flowers of the forage mulberry (Morus bombycis), in the Primorsky Territory in July - the unripe fruits of the Manchurian apple tree (Malus manshurica) (Nazarov, Kuriny, 1981), in September - the fruits of the Amur grape (Vitis amurensis) ( Dokuchaev, Laptev, 1974). Birds pluck flowers and fruits from the branches of trees and bushes, and pick up fallen fruits on the ground.

Enemies, unfavorable factors

Reproductive success and causes of mortality are unclear. In Primorye, one of the enemies noted was the peregrine falcon, in whose food in June-July on the islands of Bolshoy Pelis and Stenina the remains of two pigeons were found (Nazarov, Shibaev, 1984). There have been cases of death of birds from exhaustion (Polivanova, Glushchenko, 1977; Elsukov, 1981). No noticeable changes in the abundance of the species were noted in Japan. However, its regular flights from Japan to Russia should be considered as the result of a slight increase in numbers in the 60s and 70s.

Economic importance, protection

It has no direct economic significance. Sometimes shot by hunters and poachers. As a rare species in the fauna of Russia, it deserves protection. In the Sakhalin region, according to hunting rules, shooting green pigeons is prohibited. Included in the Red Book. Protected in the Kuril Nature Reserve (Kunashir Island).