The daily amount of urine is normal for adults. What is the normal daily diuresis in adults?

Video on the topic

From this episode of the TV show “Live Healthy!” with Elena Malysheva you can find out how to read the results of a urine test:

Daily diuresis is one of the main indicators used to determine the presence of kidney diseases or other organs. For favorable metabolic processes, it is recommended to drink 1.5-2 liters of liquid per day.

Regular measurement of daily diuresis makes it possible to determine the daily volume of urine and is used to assess the quality of filtration of individual substances over a 24-hour period.

The amount of fluid released usually ranges from 1-2 liters. Diuresis is directly proportional to the amount of fluid consumed.

Excessive sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea cause decreased urine output because dehydration occurs when one of these symptoms is present.

What are the types of diuresis?

Depending on how many active osmotic substances (hereinafter referred to as OM) are contained in the urine and how much urine is excreted, the following types of diuresis are distinguished:

• Osmotic diuresis is the release of a large amount of urine, characterized by a high OM content. May develop as a result of overload of nephrons. substances that, as a rule, are endogenous or exogenous in nature.
• Antidiuresis is the release of a small amount of urine, characterized by a high percentage of OM. Often occurs during prolonged water deprivation, as well as a sharp transition from an immobile state to active physical exercise. It may be a consequence of glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome, as well as abdominal surgery, severe diarrhea and vomiting.
• Water diuresis is the emission of urine that is hypoosmolar. In people in good health, it may develop due to ingestion of large volumes of liquid. Most often observed in patients with diabetes insipidus, chronic alcoholism, etc.

Diuresis can also be divided into daytime and nighttime. For a person in good health, the following ratio of daytime to nighttime diuresis is characteristic: 4:1.

Diuresis disorders

In the presence of various diseases, the volume of urine excreted may vary. The following are possible deviations from diuresis that may occur:

• Polyuria. With this disease, there is an increase in the amount of diuresis in 24 hours to three liters under normal water conditions. Refers to symptoms of diseases such as diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus, diseases of the parathyroid glands, characterized by excessive release of parathyroid hormone with the appearance of hypercalcemia syndrome and others;
• Oligouria - the volume of urine emitted is less than 400-500 ml in 24 hours;
• Anuria - the amount of urine excreted in 24 hours is no more than 200 ml.

If diuresis is not normal, the ratio of daytime and nighttime diuresis changes. Often it changes towards an increase in nocturnal diuresis. Then the so-called nocturia takes place.

As a result of nocturia, the amount of urine excreted at night exceeds the amount of urine excreted during the day. This may indicate that the blood supply to the kidneys is impaired.

If the daytime amount of urine increases in parallel with the nighttime amount, then an excessive increase in the amount of urine excreted at night and its predominance over the daytime amount has nothing to do with nocturia.

When treating some diseases, they resort to a method such as forced diuresis. What is it? Forced diuresis is a detoxification method that involves increasing urination to quickly remove toxins from the body.

How to determine daily diuresis?

Detailed instructions for determining daily diuresis are given below.

1. To measure diuresis over 24 hours, you need to create a form with fields such as “daily diuresis”, “Last name”, “First name”, “Patronymic”. Do not forget to also indicate the dates and times when urine collection begins.
2. This form is usually glued to a graduated container, which can be placed in a visible place in the bathroom so you don’t forget to make marks.
3. If you are a patient/doctor, listen carefully to the requirements for urine collection, and explain to your patient in as much detail as possible the general rules for urine collection.
4. Urine that is emitted in the morning at the same time every day is usually not taken into account.
5. Before the time for morning bowel movements, which is not taken into account, urine must be poured into a specially prepared container and the necessary indicators must be recorded, after which it can be poured out.
6. After 24 hours, as a rule, honey. the nurse finds out the volume of urine excreted and enters the readings in a certain column of the diuresis calculation form.

Diuresis in children

The normal amount of urination typical for children of different ages is given below:

• in infants (except for the first days of life) - 20-25;
• starting from half a year up to a year - 15-16 (20);
• after 3 years - 7-8;

The process of counting the amount of urine excreted for children is different from the method for counting for adult patients. Below is a formula that can be used to determine the amount of urine emitted and monitor changes.

Formula for calculating daily diuresis in children under 10 years of age and determining the norm:

m = 600 ml +100 ml * (n-1) in which

m – 24-hour diuresis;

n – child’s age;

600 ml - the average amount of urine excreted per day;

In general, the amount of urine emitted per day is 65-75% of the total amount of fluid consumed.

Diuresis during pregnancy

Determining the amount of urine emitted during pregnancy is a technique to determine the main causes of swelling, as well as to assess the volume of retained fluid in the body. Probably, the gynecologist, in addition to the basic recommendations of therapy, will prescribe counting how much fluid has entered the body and how much has been excreted.

In order to carry out these simple operations, it is enough to draw a table with which you can determine the rate of daily diuresis during pregnancy. To do this, you need to divide a sheet of paper vertically into two equal parts.

In the first column we will enter data that indicates how much fluid was consumed by the patient, and in the second column - how much was ultimately released.

The amount of fluid released during urination during pregnancy should be calculated over several days in order to determine the “picture” of what is happening as clearly as possible.

It is imperative to collect all urine without any residue. Once the amount of fluid emitted is tabulated, it can be disposed of by pouring it out.

Despite the fact that the ideal case is when the difference between the amount of fluid emitted and the amount taken should “go to zero,” a deviation of approximately 500 ml is still allowed for pregnant women.

Thus, in case of violations of the regularity of urination, patients are usually recommended to record data on the amount of urine excreted and diuresis.

You need to fill out the table within twenty-four hours, and after the deadline, analyze the results and consult with your doctor. Deviations in diuresis, its quantity and frequency, as well as the prevalence of nighttime diuresis over daytime diuresis may be a sign of diseases of the human genitourinary system.

Video: How much water should you drink to be healthy?

As already mentioned, daily diuresis directly depends on the fluid you drink. How much water do you need to drink to ensure the proper functioning of the body? Watch the video!

What is daily diuresis

Daily diuresis - this indicator is very important when it comes to determining the quality of kidney function in the human body. It is this analysis, along with others, that nephrologists often use in their practice. What is the definition of daily diuresis? How is this study carried out and what can deviations from the norm mean? This will be discussed in the article.

Determination of daily diuresis is often carried out when diagnosing kidney disease. What is this examination and how is it performed? Everything is quite simple here. The doctor finds out how much urine the body produces per day. As you know, the kidneys help remove fluid. It is this organ that is responsible for the production of urine. If the kidneys are working normally, then up to 75 percent of the fluid is excreted from the body.

Measuring daily diuresis and determining water balance is an important component of diagnosis. In order for the analysis to go as expected, the patient should prepare.

The study is carried out taking into account the following:

• at least three days before the start of determining the norm of daily diuresis, you should stop taking diuretics;
• urine collection begins at six in the morning of one day and lasts until six in the morning of the next day;
• During the entire procedure, the patient must record how much liquid he consumed. In this case, you need to take into account the water you drink, tea, juices and even the soup you eat;
• Urine collection for daily diuresis is carried out in a separate container. In this case, the volume estimate will be more accurate. How to collect is a personal matter for everyone. As a rule, such an analysis is carried out in a hospital, where it is easier to calculate both the amount of fluid drunk and the volume of urine excreted. But you can collect all the data at home.

Only by fulfilling all these conditions can you find out whether diuresis is normal or if there are deviations. And from here you can get information about kidney function.

As a rule, the concept of daily diuresis is used for diagnosis. But others are also used for various studies. For example, when studying renal function using the clearance method, minute diuresis is used.

If the patient is in serious condition and is receiving a blood infusion, then one of the procedures performed simultaneously is bladder catheterization. In this case, hourly urine output is measured. If this indicator is below 20 ml, then the rate of infusion should be increased. As you can see, the value of hourly diuresis is very important during resuscitation measures.

Almost every medical concept and indicator has variations. The same applies to the topic at hand. First of all, a distinction is made between daytime and nighttime diuresis. The first, as a rule, makes up two thirds of the total daily volume. After 8 hours of the night, urination is significantly reduced. If the ratio is violated, then this condition is called nocturia. It can be caused by various diseases.

In addition, the following types of diuresis are distinguished depending on the content of released osmotic active substances and urine volume:

1. Water. In this case, the urine contains a small amount of active substances. This manifestation can serve as a sign of diabetes insipidus, tick-borne encephalitis and some renal pathologies. But quite often water diuresis is caused when the water balance is disturbed. The patient may be drinking a lot of fluids, especially in hot weather.
2. Diuresis is osmotic. There is a large amount of urine with a high content of various active substances.
3. Antidiuresis. This type is characterized by a small amount of urine, which is excessively saturated with various substances.

How is it determined that daily diuresis is normal? What methods are there? When calculating, it is not a clear norm that is determined, but the ratio of the liquid drunk and the volume of urine excreted. This is exactly what is most important.

In a normal healthy person, approximately 75 percent of the “intake” fluid should “come out.” That is why, for an accurate calculation, it is necessary to determine not only the volume of urine collected, but also how much water was drunk.

According to existing standards, the amount of water drunk should be about two liters per day.

Based on this, normal diuresis for the same period will be:

• for adult men from one to two liters;
• for women this parameter ranges from 1 to 1.6 liters;
• if we are talking about a child, then the following formula applies: 600+100(x-1) milliliters per day. Here, instead of the value “X”, you should insert the age of the baby. For example, for a ten-year-old child, positive daily diuresis will be 1.5 liters.

A study by scientists showed that the normal minimum diuresis is 500 ml. It is this amount of excreted urine that is enough for a person’s kidneys to remove all accumulated “unnecessary” substances from the body. If everything is calculated correctly and half a liter will be exactly 75 percent of the liquid drunk per day, then the water balance is not disturbed and regulation of urination is not required.

It is worth noting that such norms are not entirely suitable for women who are carrying a child. In this situation, the hormone significantly affects the state of the body. In some cases, diuresis increases to 80 percent of the fluid drunk; in other pregnant women, it can drop to 60 percent. In both situations, such an indicator can be considered the norm, which means that regulation is not required.

What could an increase or decrease in daily diuresis mean? What scientists know the factors that influence the amount of urine excreted from the body?

Doctors distinguish the following deviations from the norm:

• Oliguria is a decrease in diuresis when the level of urine excreted decreases to half a liter per day. In some cases, this situation may not be a concern. For example, if the weather is hot, most of the fluid is released through sweat. But there are also some pathologies that lead to a decrease in daily diuresis. Doctors include nephritis, acute massive hemolysis, damage to the renal parenchyma and infectious inflammation of the kidneys to such ailments. Low blood pressure also leads to a decrease in urine output;
• polyuria - what is this condition? By this definition, doctors understand diuresis, in which the amount of urine excreted exceeds three liters. This condition occurs with kidney diseases such as pyelonephritis, wrinkled kidney, and renal failure. In addition, there are ailments that are not associated with this organ. For example, diabetes can also cause increased urine output. This condition is also observed if diuretic tablets or injections are taken. Their action ensures the removal of edema, removing excess fluid from the body;
• Anuria is a condition when the amount of urine excreted per day is less than 50 ml. The algorithm for this manifestation may be different, but the main problem is that the fluid does not enter the urinary canal. The main cause of anuria is chronic kidney disease, including the presence of stones in this organ. In addition, such a manifestation can occur due to benign or malignant neoplasms, cardiovascular failure, or as a result of severe poisoning with alcohol or heavy metals.

Polyuria may result from a malfunction of the pituitary gland. This organ produces antidiuretic hormone, which regulates urinary processes. Therefore, if the pituitary gland is disrupted, diuresis may increase. Thyroid and adrenal hormones can also lead to this phenomenon.

What is hemodialysis?

When the kidneys cease to cope with the filtering function, the body begins to be poisoned by metabolic products. This condition is life-threatening. Hemodialysis is a hardware method of blood purification that can prolong the life of patients with chronic or acute renal failure. It is performed in a hospital setting and requires the presence of an artificial kidney apparatus, as well as the patient’s desire and ability to be treated.

Artificial kidney device

Kidney hemodialysis requires a device called an “artificial kidney.” The principle of its operation is based on the extraction of urea, uric acid and electrolytes in the form of potassium, sodium and phosphorus from the patient’s blood plasma.

The device consists of:

• a perfusion device that forces blood to move through the dialyzer;
• a dialyzer that purifies the blood;
• a device designed for mixing and supplying a blood purifying solution to the dialyzer;
• monitor.

The dialyzer itself is the heart of the machine. Its main element is a semi-permeable membrane, which allows you to divide the space into two parts. One part is filled with dialysate solution. The second is the patient’s blood. The solution is similar to blood ultrafiltrate, intended to restore the salt and acid-base composition of the blood.

Blood purification procedure

Access to supply blood to the device is provided by a simple operation to install a fistula that connects the artery to the vein. Its maturation is observed a week after installation: it increases and becomes like a cord sewn under the skin. At the end of the fistula maturation (3-6 months after surgery), blood dialysis needles are inserted into it. Blood supply is carried out thanks to a roller pump.

The device monitor displays data received from devices connected to the system. With their help, the speed of blood flow is monitored, which is normally 300-450 ml per minute. It is the sewn-in fistula that allows blood flow to increase to this level. The vein becomes elastic and begins to stretch well, which increases the effectiveness of kidney hemodialysis.

As a rule, hemodialysis is performed in a hospital. The procedure requires expensive equipment and skills in handling it. But recently, hemodialysis at home has become possible. This requires a specially trained partner. During blood purification, constant monitoring of the patient's blood pressure and pulse is required. Hemodialysis lasts 5-6 hours and is performed 2-3 times a week.

Complications

Considering the role of the kidneys in the body, it is clear that if their functioning is disrupted, the functioning of other organs is disrupted. When purifying the blood, violations cannot be completely avoided. Therefore, hemodialysis may have complications:

• Anemia (decreased red blood cells in the blood);
• Hypertension (high blood pressure). If this is one of the kidney pathologies initially, then the patient almost completely eliminates salt and limits the flow of fluid into the body;
• Damage to the nervous system, characterized by decreased sensitivity of the legs, including feet, and hands;
• Bone damage is dystrophy as a result of impaired phosphorus-calcium metabolism. To avoid this complication, it is necessary to strictly observe the proportions of minerals entering the body;
• Pericarditis is inflammation of the membrane covering the heart;
• Hyperkalemia, causing cardiac arrest. In the absence of kidney function, the level of potassium in the blood increases. If it significantly exceeds the norm, then the work of the heart is disrupted, even to the point of cardiac arrest.

The above complications occur infrequently, in contrast to the side effects that almost every patient experiences.

During kidney hemodialysis, nausea and even vomiting occur. The heart rhythm is disturbed, muscle cramps and bronchospasm are possible. Pain may be felt in the chest and back, and visual and hearing abilities are reduced. Allergic reactions are possible. If any side effects or complications occur, you should immediately inform your doctor.

Indications and contraindications for hemodialysis

Indications for kidney hemodialysis:

• Acute and chronic forms of renal failure;
• Alcohol intoxication;
• Inflammation of the lining of the heart;
• Significant disturbances in electrolyte blood composition;
• Intoxication with poisons penetrating the membrane of the hemodialysis machine;
• Overhydration (excess fluid in the circulatory system) is life-threatening for the patient.

But this method of blood purification also has contraindications:

• Damages of cerebral vessels;
• Cirrhosis of the liver;
• CNS lesions;
• Age 70 years if you have diabetes;
• Age from 80 years;
• Cancerous tumors;
• Pulmonary pathologies at the stage of obstruction;
• Decompensated stage of peripheral vascular pathologies;
• Psychoses, epilepsy and schizophrenia;
• Chronic hepatitis;
• Coronary heart disease, if there was a previous myocardial infarction;
• Tendency to drug addiction and alcoholism;
• Heart failure.

Kidney hemodialysis also has relative indications. Whether it is possible to purify the blood if they are present is determined by the attending physician in each specific case. Danger exists in the presence of uterine fibroids and gastrointestinal ulcers, as severe bleeding is possible. The active form of tuberculosis is also a relative contraindication.

Diet for hemodialysis

After cleansing the blood, it is important to maintain the result for as long as possible. For this purpose, a diet is indicated for kidney hemodialysis. But it is advisable to switch to it before cleaning the blood using the hardware method. The diet is prescribed individually, but its principles are always the same:

• Reducing the amount of salts, potassium, phosphorus and water entering the body;
• Avoid taking medications containing aluminum;
• Increasing the amount of protein and energy entering the body.

During kidney dialysis, the patient's energy expenditure increases sharply, so the energy value of the diet should increase. Since the hardware method of blood purification is imperfect, part of the protein leaves with toxins. In this regard, the patient needs to consume more proteins. But proteins cannot be replenished with foods rich in phosphorus (fish and cheeses).

The amount of fluid you drink must be reduced to prevent swelling of the lungs and brain. The rate of water intake is set individually. You need to take into account both the liquids you drink and those contained in dishes (soups, fruits). To make you feel less thirsty, reduce your salt intake. And to keep the food tasty, it is seasoned with spices. But the food should not be spicy, otherwise you will want to drink.

With kidney failure, calcium begins to be washed out. It will leave the body more if a lot of phosphorus is supplied. Therefore, to maintain phosphorus-calcium metabolism, it is important to consume a limited amount of these minerals. Potassium, on the contrary, increases in the blood. Therefore, its consumption should also be limited.

People, especially those suffering from frequent urination, may wonder how many times a day an adult should pee (urinate) and whether there is any standard or volume for this. Let's try to answer these questions.

First, a little about urine itself. This is a biologically active fluid that is produced by the kidneys, secreted and descends through the ureter down to the bladder and urethra. Together with urine, the body excretes the final products of metabolism. If the body becomes ill, pathological metabolic products, as well as drugs and foreign substances, begin to be excreted in the urine.

The process of urination in a completely healthy person it occurs freely, painlessly and without any effort. After completing urination, a person has a pleasant feeling of completely emptying the bladder. If pain occurs when urinating or the process occurs with effort, these are signs of an inflammatory process in the urinary system. In this case, urgent treatment is required.

Normal amount of urine produced

Fine per day for an adult can vary from 800 to 1500 ml, depending on age and other factors. The entire volume of urine excreted by a person per day is called daily diuresis. A healthy adult urinates 4-7 times a day and no more than 1 time per night. Daytime and nighttime diuresis are correlated within 3 to 1 or 4 to 1. Each portion of urine averages 200-300 ml, sometimes up to 600 ml (usually the largest amount occurs in a portion of morning urine after waking up). If more than 2000 ml or less than 200 ml are released per day, this is already considered a pathological amount.

The total amount of urine per day depends on several factors: age, liquids drunk, including soups, compotes, etc., the presence of diarrhea, the amount of sweat produced (urine excretion noticeably decreases when a person sweats excessively), body temperature, water loss from the lungs and other factors.

It is important for a sick person to know- what is the total amount of urine excreted in one day and what is its ratio with the liquid taken during this time. This is water balance. If the amount of fluid consumed far exceeds the amount of urine excreted and is accompanied by an increase in the patient’s weight, then there is reason to believe that the patient has . If a person excretes more urine than drinks liquids, this means that there is a diuretic effect from the medications or herbal infusions being taken. In the first case, this is called negative diuresis, in the second - positive.

To assess whether there are disorders in the body, it is important to know how many times a day a healthy person urinates and how much urine should be released per day in the absence of pathologies. Daily diuresis is normally from 70 to 80% of the amount of fluid drunk.

Moreover, the volume of liquid contained in the products does not count. For example, if you drink 2 liters per day, then the amount of urine should be at least 1.5 liters.

Knowing what a person’s daily urine rate is, it is possible to promptly identify not only pathologies of the genitourinary system, but also to suspect disturbances in the functioning of the heart and blood vessels, the development of infection, kidney stones, diabetes mellitus and other abnormalities in the functioning of the body.

Daily diuresis normally differs depending on the sex and age of a person. Also, when answering the question of how many liters of urine should come out per day, you need to take into account a number of factors, for example, whether a person takes diuretics, whether his diet includes foods and drinks that increase diuresis (watermelon, beer), whether he is engaged in physical labor accompanied by excessive sweating.

All this should be taken into account when determining the rate of urine output per day in an adult.

The daily urine norm for men is 1000-2000 ml, for women it is less and is 1000-1600 ml.

An important indicator is not only daily diuresis, but the number of urinations in 24 hours. The entire volume of urine released per day can be divided into daytime and nighttime diuresis. They have a ratio of 3:1 or 4:1, such indicators are considered the norm.

When nighttime readings exceed the norm, this condition is called nocturia. It may indicate various pathologies, including diabetes, nephrosclerosis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis.

Determination of daily diuresis

As already mentioned, the rate of daily diuresis can vary significantly, and the volume of urine excreted depends on many factors. Usually the test is prescribed when the patient is in the hospital, but sometimes the determination of daily diuresis can be carried out at home. When the daily volume of urine is determined independently, then to collect the material you need to prepare:

• a dry, clean container with a volume of at least 3 liters, into which you will need to collect urine during the day, for example, from 6 am to 6 am the next day;
• a sheet of paper on which you will need to record the volume of urine and the amount of all liquid taken during this procedure, including juices, tea, and first courses.

The results obtained are compared with the normal daily diuresis.

To determine the daily amount of urine, a Zimnitsky test can be prescribed. During this procedure, urine is collected every 3 hours into different containers.

Everything collected from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. is classified as daytime diuresis, and the rest is classified as nighttime diuresis. The density of urine is determined in the provided biomaterials. Normally, in a healthy person, the amount of urine excreted at one time varies from 40 to 300 ml.

Also, using urine collected per day, you can determine another important indicator that allows you to identify existing pathologies - minute diuresis.

This is the amount of urine released per minute. It is determined by performing the Rehberg test, which allows you to find out the glomerular filtration rate. To carry it out, you need to drink half a liter of water on an empty stomach. The first urine is not suitable for testing.

Urine should be collected, starting from the 2nd urination, throughout the day in one container. It is important to record the volume of a single portion and the time of its collection. Dividing the volume of urine collected per day by 1440, we get its amount per minute. The normal diuresis in this case is 0.55-1 ml.

Another important indicator that can be determined by collecting urine per day is hourly diuresis.

If the patient is in a comatose state, then a catheter is attached to the bladder and the volume of urine released is determined, this is important when choosing a medicine. The normal urine volume is 30-50 ml. When its amount is reduced to 15 ml, intensive infusion therapy is carried out. When blood pressure does not go beyond normal limits and little urine is passed, diuretics are administered intravenously.

Diuresis during pregnancy

During pregnancy, a large amount of water can accumulate in the body, which causes weight gain, swelling of the lower extremities, and fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity. Therefore, it is important to know how much urine should be produced per day during gestation.

Normal urine output in women during pregnancy can vary from 60 to 80% of the fluid drunk.

The obtained indicators allow the doctor to identify the presence of pathology and prescribe the necessary therapy. You should not self-medicate, since pregnant women may be prescribed various medications to normalize diuresis, depending on the cause of the deviation.

Measuring daily diuresis during gestation is not mandatory; it is carried out if internal edema or the risk of preeclampsia is suspected.

Diuresis in children

How much urine children should produce depends on their age.

Due to the small volume of fluid consumed, its amount in newborns is insignificant and can range from 0 to 60 ml.

As the baby grows, daily urine output will increase.

It is calculated using the formula: 600+100×(p-1), where p is the child’s age.

Diuresis disorders

Depending on how much urine is excreted per day, diuresis pathologies are distinguished, such as:

1. Polyuria. With such a deviation from the norm, the volume of urine is at least 3 liters. A lot of urine may be leaked due to impaired synthesis of antidiuretic hormone. Polyuria may indicate heart disease, metabolic disorders, endocrine pathologies such as diabetes mellitus, Conn's syndrome. This condition is characteristic of renal failure. It can occur when the patient has kidney diseases such as pyelonephritis, nephrosclerosis. Large amounts of urine are released when diuretics are prescribed.
2. Oliguria. They talk about it when the volume of urine produced is a maximum of 500 ml. Anuria is a pathological condition when daily diuresis in an adult decreases to 50 ml. There are many reasons for urinary obstruction. A decrease in urine volume in healthy people may be associated with high air temperature, dehydration due to diarrhea and vomiting. The occurrence of oliguria and anuria is an unfavorable prognostic sign in many pathologies. They are observed with a sharp drop in pressure and a decrease in the mass of circulating blood. They can be provoked by large blood loss, incessant vomiting, profuse diarrhea, and shock. Acute renal failure, nephritis, massive destruction of red blood cells, kidney infections of bacterial etiology can also be accompanied by oliguria.
3. Pollakiuria. This is a pathological condition in which there is frequent urination during the day (not to be confused with nocturia, when it is more frequent at night), but daily diuresis remains normal, only the volume of urine per urination decreases. Pollakiuria can occur under various conditions, for example, with psycho-emotional agitation, hypothermia, cystitis, and kidney stones.

It is important to evaluate not only the volume of daily diuresis, but also the composition of urine. When the level of osmotic substances in it exceeds the norm, we speak of osmotic diuresis, which develops with an increase in the level of glucose, uric acid, bicarbonates and a number of other substances in the body.

When urine with a low content of osmotically active substances is excreted, we speak of water diuresis, which, in the absence of pathologies, can develop with the consumption of large amounts of liquid.

conclusions

Knowing how much urine should be passed normally, you can promptly identify disorders in the functioning of the kidneys and a number of other diseases that cannot be left untreated, otherwise they can cause serious health problems.