Criminal groups are examples. Presentation on the topic "anti-social and criminal youth groups"

The transformation of all aspects of the socio-economic and political life of Russia in the early 90s of the last century, in addition to positive ones (freedom, democracy, market relations), also had negative consequences. The most important of them is the intensive growth of criminal forms of behavior, including group crimes.

The increase in the number of crimes is accompanied by the active penetration, spread and introduction of a criminal subculture, a criminal lifestyle, and criminal values into the social structure of society. Most of the criminal activities of criminal groups remain unsolved, which is typical both for our society and for other countries. The criminalization of Russian society is currently its most significant and pressing problem.

The classifications of criminal groups currently available in domestic criminology and criminal psychology are, as a rule, structured according to the parameters of the level of criminalization and organization. In accordance with the specified parameters, the following types of criminal communities are distinguished: pre-criminal groups, simple criminal groups, organized criminal groups, criminal organizations.

In addition, in the scientific literature there is a classification of criminal groups according to the parameters of the focus and scale of activity: ordinary criminal groups - organized criminal groups (criminal organizations).

The commission of a crime by a group means its orientation toward criminal values and a criminal subculture. However, modern subculture is a multidimensional phenomenon, breaking up into its various subtypes. In one case it may be a traditional criminal subculture based on the norms of prison culture, in another case we are talking about a combination of criminal values with individualistic values, a culture of competition.

Common criminal groups are characterized by the commission of street and everyday crimes, such as theft, fraud, robberies, and robberies. The vector of action of ordinary criminal groups is against society. They act illegitimately, secretly, secretly. Members of such groups are characterized by asociality, the acceptability of the use of violence, adherence to criminal values and norms, viewing the image of a criminal as attractive to themselves, and a focus on short-term gain, short-term pleasures (entertainment, drinking).

Criminal acts committed by such groups are subject to concealment, camouflage and destruction of traces of the crime. Traditional mainstream crime groups tend to be oriented toward the values of hedonistic street culture and lack corrupt connections.

The subculture of organized criminal groups is internally oriented towards the norms of the criminal world and criminal subculture, including a focus on obtaining excess profits by any means, cynicism, and immorality. An additional incentive is a focus on a competitive culture, achieving material success at any cost.

Criminals who belong to criminal organizations represent a new type of criminal personality. Many of them have a high level of education, are erudite, their behavior is socialized, and they look presentable. They are characterized by a high desire for wealth and prosperity.

Organized criminal groups seek to legalize their activities by creating official firms and companies.

The intense changes observed in the life of modern society are actively used by both representatives of ordinary criminal groups and representatives of organized crime.

This use concerns the adaptation of social conditions, phenomena and circumstances (planning failures, legislative shortcomings, “weak points” in the functioning of the social system, unmet needs and expectations of people, the demand for social practices) for one’s own purposes. This trend is especially characteristic of organized crime. It not only takes advantage of miscalculations in social functioning, but also deliberately creates conditions for expanding the spheres of criminal self-actualization of a criminal group.

Thus, as follows from the above analysis, modern criminal groups are characterized by: secret or open modes of operation, inclusion or absence in the group of power structures that perform the function of protecting and lobbying the interests of the criminal organization.

The research material was obtained on the basis of a qualitative analysis of data from forensic psychological examinations using: the method of analyzing documentary sources (criminal case materials); method of conversation with members of a criminal group; method of testing members of a criminal group; observation method. Based on the analysis of the received materials, it seems possible to construct a classification of modern criminal groups, the structuring features of which are:

a) operating mode (secret - open);

b) factor of power and administrative support (presence - absence).

Based on these characteristics, we can distinguish the following parameters: “legitimacy – lack of legitimacy”, “presence of corrupt connections – absence of corrupt connections”. This classification can be visually presented as follows.

Fig.1. Classification of criminal groups

Then, quadrant I represents an openly operating criminal organization: legitimate, legal in form (commercial company or organization) and criminal in content (the goal is criminal enrichment). It is led by criminal authorities. The group operates “undercover”; its interests, as a rule, are actively lobbied “from above.” At the same time, her activities are effective: corrupt officials and high-ranking security officials provide her with all possible assistance, support and protection. As a rule, groups are created to imitate commercial activities (pseudo-entrepreneurship).

In quadrant II, there is a criminal organization led by white-collar criminals who are “in the shadows.” Ordinary members of such a criminal organization, as a rule, do not know their leaders, who occupy high positions in the power structures that determine and direct the activities of this criminal organization. The group maintains secrecy, monitors information leaks, and severely punishes guilty members. As a rule, the group is engaged in illegal activities that generate high criminal income (trade in drugs, weapons, gambling, etc.).

Quadrant III - here is a traditional general criminal group operating secretly, periodically committing criminal acts in the form of individual criminal acts (robberies, assaults, murders, thefts).

Such groups are characterized by drinking alcohol and using drugs. Members of the group keep group secrets and hide its existence from others. The following are used as a means of communication: criminal jargon, nicknames, tattoos. An asocial, outwardly primitive subculture dominates, which is the main criminalizing mechanism for the existence of such groups. The standards of behavior of its members contradict those accepted in a civilized society (the presence of nicknames, jargon, cruelty towards the weak, cynicism).

Quadrant IV describes a general criminal group that openly demonstrates criminal actions - “at your own peril and risk” (smart fraudulent actions designed to deceive gullible citizens, sluggishness of law enforcement agencies). Such groups act quickly, unconventionally, daringly, counting on luck and criminal professionalism.

All the described criminal groups include a criminal asocial subculture as part of their culture. Moreover, each of them has its own specific subculture and organizational culture.

So, for example, the subculture of a legitimate criminal group with corrupt connections is characterized by the active involvement of knowledge from the field of both practical and scientific psychology: the inclusion of pro-social symbols, high standards of etiquette (including observable behavior, speech etiquette, requirements for external office design, employee dress code, etc.)

As a result, a peculiar mixture of a criminal asocial subculture and an organizational culture occurs, the emphasis in which is on the external (imitation of the external signs of a legitimate official social group). As a result, a peculiar mixture of a criminal asocial subculture and an organizational culture occurs, the emphasis in which is on the external (imitation of the external signs of a legitimate official social group). External presentation is designed for an external observer - potential clients and customers. However, the internal content of organizational culture and subculture is asociality and antisociality. The group's goal is criminal.

Gradually, but quite quickly (over weeks and months), internal integration of group members occurs: they know what to do and how to interact with each other. A unique sense of organizational identity is formed. Such groups are highly adaptable in the social and cultural environment. The internal acceptance of their subculture and organizational culture results in a change in the personality of the employees included in this organization through gradual internal integration towards identification with the criminal group.

Such groups use the latest advances in the field of organizational psychology to contribute to the success of the criminal group.

Some employees recruited by a criminal group show high involvement in its activities, which is the result of the effect of an effective organizational culture on their personality (striving for a goal; high performance; material and moral support for those who distinguished themselves, etc.).

The prevalence of criminal groups of this type in our society indicates the effectiveness of this type of formation. Reason: insufficient operational work of law enforcement agencies, their corruption, low activity of citizens in terms of exposing such entities (passivity of legal consciousness).

Criminal groups that do not have corrupt connections (III and IV) are simple and complex criminal groups that commit selfish or selfishly violent crimes. Features of their subculture: they cultivate criminal ideas, beliefs and views. Criminals belonging to such groups are characterized by moral and legal nihilism, which makes it easier for them to commit crimes. Such qualities as moral and physical strength, willingness to take risks, masculinity, and emotional stability are valued. Group members have limited access to legitimate ways to achieve social success and material well-being.

Thus, the similarity of the described types of criminal groups is the acceptance of criminal values (the permissibility of breaking the law, the acceptability of deception, fraud, manipulation, disregard for the interests of others). The differences are related to the peculiarities of the content of the criminal subculture and its specific content.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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A minor is in several areas of relationships at the same time. He is obliged to attend school or vocational school, acquire knowledge; While working in production, he must observe labor, production and technological discipline; The minor is surrounded by peers and in the family; He is connected by informal relationships with adults. Often in a vocational school or school a student is characterized positively, but among his peers he has a low sociometric status

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The formal (official) structure for assessing the behavior and personality traits of a teenager and young man is given from the standpoint of controllability, the degree of obedience, so to speak, its “convenience” for teachers.

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unofficial (informal) structure NOMs (informal youth associations) never have anything assigned “from above; They are absolutely autonomous and do not fit into structures of a higher order.

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Sub in Latin is “under”, in other words, the meaning contains a connotation of subordination. Typology of youth subcultures: Ingroups – groups with which a young person identifies himself. Outgroups are groups from which a young person separates himself and feels different. According to the specific behavior of group members, they are distinguished: prosocial; asocial; antisocial. Prosocial – groups that do not pose a threat to society, are positive and helpful. Asocial - they criticize some of the foundations of society, but this confrontation is not extreme. Antisocial - not only criticize social orders and foundations, but also strive to destroy them.

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Tolstykh A.V. proposed the following typology of youth subcultures: - politicized subcultures - actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation; - ecological and ethical subcultures – are engaged in the construction of philosophical concepts and fight for the environment; - non-traditional religious subcultures - mainly a passion for Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism); - radical youth subcultures - characterized by organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness (criminal youth groups, skinheads); - lifestyle subcultures - groups of young people forming their own way of life (hippies, punks); - subcultures based on interests - young people united by common interests - musical, sports, etc.; - the subculture of “golden youth” - typical for capital cities - focused on leisure activities (one of the most closed subcultures).

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Classification of NOMs: amateur associations that have a program and conduct useful work; organizationally established communities (there is a structure, membership fees, elected leadership); actually informal (addressed primarily to the leisure sector). leisure, politicized and asocial (or antisocial); V. Lisovsky (Leningrad State University) distinguishes, for example, prosocial, asocial and antisocial NOMs; Representatives of these subsystems can act in the sphere of leisure (“leisure consumer”), in the spheres of politics, ecology, technology, etc.

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Characteristics of asocial (or antisocial) type of associations: blurred moral standards, criminal values and attitudes; Such associations may include punks, hippies, metalheads, hooligan "gopniks", drug addicts, pro-fascist communities, etc. Sometimes non-criminal groups (rockers, metalheads, fans, etc.) develop into criminal ones.

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Antisocial norms are characterized by: the formation of a perverted understanding of the principles of morality, moral concepts: Courage is distortedly understood as risk and bravado, demandingness - as pickiness, friendship and camaraderie - as concealment and non-denunciation, compassion - as a sign of weakness, unworthy of a real man. A person ceases to be the highest value and becomes a means.

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Criminal subculture is a way of life of minors and youth united in criminal groups. according to statistics, every fifth young person aged 14 to 30 has committed an offense or crime at least once

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The criminal subculture does not like publicity. The life activities of persons belonging to asocial and criminal groups are largely hidden from the eyes of teachers and adults. The norms, values and demands of this subculture are demonstrated only if there is no opposition to them. Antisocial subculture is the socio-psychological characteristics of behavior that is contrary to social norms

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The places where one of the types of asocial subculture functions is, as we have already noted, school toilets, entrances of houses (this type of subculture is often called “toilet-school”), basements, attics, remote parks, public gardens, and “party” places. Asocial groups in which crimes are not yet committed, but seem to be ripening, are called criminogenic groups. Members of criminogenic groups, unlike criminal groups, do not have a clear orientation towards committing crimes, but often commit them in problematic, conflict situations or under favorable conditions for this.

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"Hip hop" as a cultural phenomenon of street art or metropolitan art (underground, at least at the beginning of its history) includes three different directions: 1. Painting/design - "Graffiti" (" "Graffity" - "scratched") wall paintings and drawings; 2. Dance style - "Break dance" ("break dance"), a dance unique in its plasticity and rhythm, which laid the fashion for the entire culture of hip-hop - sportswear; 3. Musical style - "Rap" ("rap") rhythmic recitative with clearly defined rhymes and musical rhythm set by the DJ. Rap has three classifications: "fast rap" (one rapper talking to another); "life" rap (often contains obscenities); "commercial rap" (hip-hop, r`n`b and dance rap).

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Rap or Rep (both spellings are correct) is one of the three movements of the Hip-Hop subculture. The terms "rap" and "hip-hop" are often used interchangeably, which leads to misunderstandings and confusion for the reader. The first denotes a musical style, and the second refers to the subculture as a whole.

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Rapper (brief description) Plus size clothing is encouraged. There are two versions of why this is part of fashion: 1. The clothes of prisoners in the USA used to be made large to fit prisoners of different sizes; 2. Adult brothers or fathers handed over their worn clothes, which were large in size, to the younger ones. Often, rappers' shirts hang down to their knees, and their sliding jeans touch the floor. However, the clothes must be clean; they are distinguished only by careless bagginess. Beanies, backward baseball caps, waist-length backpacks, chains, sports jackets, T-shirts - all these are the obligatory gadgets of a young rapper.

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Gothic subculture Goths are representatives of the gothic subculture, inspired by the aesthetics of the gothic novel, the aesthetics of death, gothic music and consider themselves to be part of the gothic scene. Representatives of the movement appeared in 1979 on the wave of post-punk.

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Gothic subculture - black (or dark, then simply black) or black clothing with elements of other colors (mostly red); - black long hair. The face is unnaturally pale (using powder); - high lace-up shoes, boots or other informal shoes (New Rock, Swear); - black corset, tight-fitting black arm ruffles and black maxi skirt (for girls), antique clothing, bell-shaped sleeves, leather clothing (depending on belonging to one or another branch of the subculture); - black bandages on hands (wrists); - spiked collar; Contact lenses stylized to resemble animal eyes or simply imitate a colorless iris.

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Mopey and Perky Goth Mopey Goths are individuals who are constantly depressed, mostly withdrawn, and are said to "take life too seriously"; Perky Goths (often spelled PerkyGoff) are those who have a more “relaxed” approach to goth, they like to hang out in clubs (naturally gothic) and spend time as they please, depression is not for them.

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Antiquity Goth, Renaissance Goth, Romantic Goth, Victorian Goth Androgyn Goth (genderless)

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CyberGoth, Darkwave Cyber Goths are a youth subculture formed in the 90s, which never formed a specific ideology and manifests itself only externally, and also gravitates towards various club electronic music

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"Emo" culture Emo fashion is a strange trend in street fashion, generated, as often happens, by a musical genre; True emo hairstyle: Straight, most often black hair, side-swept bangs, shiny from styling products and covering half of the forehead, while the back of the head is usually raised and tousled. The hair may not be black, but some of the strands are dyed pink or black. Make-up True emo: Whitened face, pale lips that almost match the skin tone and very brightly lined eyes. Sometimes “emo” draw black marks on their faces, supposedly from makeup blurred by tears, and draw tears with a black pencil. Black varnish on the nails. Boys too. True emo piercing: Piercing is an integral part of the image of a true "emo". Tunnels, piercings in the lips and anywhere on the face. True "emo" shoes: They don't change their favorite brands: they wear Converse and Vans. Puffy sneakers, preferably black or black and white checkered. Perhaps with pink laces. True emo clothing: Skinny jeans in dark colors, T-shirts and T-shirts, perhaps a polo 2 sizes smaller with funny prints depicting cartoon characters or with the names of rock bands.

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The summer of 1985 became the so-called “Revolutionary Summer”. Then the punk culture of Washington was covered by a new wave of bands with a diverse sound, focused on heavy punk music with melodic vocals and inserts of broken voices at certain moments

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Visual kei (visual style) is a subculture that arose on the basis of Japanese rock and glam. The essence of Visual Kay is to convey part of your soul and talent not only through music, but also through your appearance: to shock people and thus attract listeners. Visual kei often borrows imagery from Japanese animation (anime), fine art (manga), and video games as parts of Japanese culture.

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Football fans are considered a subculture close to criminal. This is aggravated by the fact that fans are one of the most active teenage groups in Russia. the group of Spartak fans “Gladiators” avoids fights, but protects the “younger” (newcomers). They promote a “clean lifestyle.” Among such groups there is also one such as “Koldir Boy-Front” (“Koldir” is slang for “drunkard”), these are alcoholic fans. Their age category is 17-18 years old, but there are also older ones.

Bikers vs. Motorcyclists A narrow circle of “insiders” accepted newcomers only after selection, and only those who could defend their convictions with their fists. Strength and training were cultivated, muscles were built up, and the appearance became more and more intimidating. This movement has not yet fully formed among children from families with low incomes. But it is no longer biker. These are small groups without any attributes or even a name. They no longer associate themselves with bikers.

Tolkienists - the movement was born thanks to the youth's passion for role-playing games. A popular pastime among Tolkienists is “fighting” using wooden weapons; They may also meet to communicate, discuss scenarios for the next meetings, but they invariably behave according to their chosen roles, without leaving their character.

Diggers The closed nature of this society, which does not like to advertise its actions and its existence in general, attracts young people. have something in common with ecologists: constantly “communicating” with underground communications, they warn about subsidence of the foundation and environmental problems that may be fraught with the earth’s bowels.

Skinhead movement. Skinheads (“skinheads”) are a radical youth movement, not united within the framework of any organization, but scattered into many groups independent from each other. the majority of Russian “skinheads” accepted only the appearance of Western “skinheads”, preferring the “military” style; Abroad, “right” (nationalists) and “left” “skinheads” are represented in approximately equal numbers, although the right is certainly much more noticeable. In Russia, the overwhelming majority of skinheads are either nationalist-minded youth or football fans.

Antifa in Russia Modern anti-fascists in Russia are represented by both informal groups (which call themselves “antifa”) and organizations (Youth Human Rights Movement, Network Against Racism and Intolerance, Memorial International Society) that share anti-fascist ideas.

The work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject "Social Studies"

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unofficial (informal) structure NOMs (informal youth associations) never have anything assigned “from above; They are absolutely autonomous and do not fit into structures of a higher order.

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Criminal subculture is a way of life of minors and youth united in criminal groups. according to statistics, every fifth young person aged 14 to 30 has committed an offense or crime at least once

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Antiquity Goth, Renaissance Goth, Romantic Goth, Victorian Goth Androgyn Goth (genderless)

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Informal youth associations as a social phenomenon

Along with children's public associations and organizations, so-called “informal associations of children, adolescents and youth” also function in our society.

Definition: Informal youth association - a unique cultural movement, including a large number of young people, existing for several decades, often having an international character. Informal associations are a way of free self-expression, unlimited manifestation of initiative and uncontrolled (by adults) communication.

They can take on larger or smaller quantitative dimensions, have the character of an unhealthy epidemic, and have both socially significant or indifferent (neutral, not posing a threat to society) and asocial goals. The orientation of informal youth associations is represented by a wide spectrum: from clearly asocial groups to completely harmless and law-abiding ones. Various informal youth associations have their own ideology, specifics of typical activities, symbols of clothing, slang, etc.

Informal youth associations should be distinguished from such related entities as an informal group, an informal group and an informal organization.

Definition: Informal group - a group whose activity is determined primarily by the activity of its members, and not by instructions from any authority. Informal groups play an important role in the lives of children, adolescents and young people, satisfy their informational, emotional and social needs: they provide the opportunity to learn things that are not so easy to talk about with adults, provide psychological comfort, and teach them how to fulfill social roles.

As noted by V.V. Voronov, the less a student is involved in official structures, the more he strives to join “his company,” which indicates the need for developmental contacts and recognition of the value of his personality. Typically, an informal group consists of from 3-5 to several dozen people. The contacts of its members are of a clearly personal nature. This group does not always have a clear organization; more often the order is based on tradition, respect and authority. The factors of its unity are likes, habits, interests its members. It has one or more informal leaders. The main form of activity is communication between group members, which satisfies the need for psychological contact.

As a rule, schoolchildren communicate in small contact groups of 5-10 people, often consider themselves to be supporters of one movement or another, which are characterized by different characteristics: age and social affiliation, form of organization, orientation.

Classification of informal groups (non-core level):

Thus, according to the orientation of groups, they can be prosocial, asocial, or antisocial.

For prosocial groups are characterized by socially approved activities, for example, participation in solving environmental problems, protecting monuments, etc. Antisocial groups stand aloof from public issues. They are characterized by the presence of a more or less clearly expressed motive for gathering: to drink alcohol, to sort out relations with a neighboring group, etc.

Antisocial- These are criminal, aggressive nationalist groups. A particular social danger is posed by the obvious growth of nationalist youth and teenage organizations - either informal or hiding behind the guise of “patriotic” activities. Belonging to one or another informal group is often an obligatory element of the socialization process in adolescence. It is by entering one or another peer group that a teenager has the opportunity to master models of interpersonal communication and “try on” various social roles. It is well known that children, adolescents and young people who, due to various reasons, did not have the opportunity to constantly communicate with peers (disability, psychological characteristics of the individual, living in a place distant from people, etc.), later in life experience difficulties in creating a family and in relationships with colleagues, intrapersonal problems, etc. Most members of informal associations, unlike their peers who are not members of such associations, are characterized by maturity in social terms. They are less susceptible to youthful infantilism, independently determine the truth of social values, are more flexible in their behavior in conflict situations, and have a strong-willed character.

The process of the overwhelming majority of adolescents entering one or another informal youth group is a process of consistent satisfaction of basic human needs: the needs for self-affirmation, communication and self-realization.

The informal communication environment is sometimes the only area of socialization for a teenager (especially for a teenager at risk). Often, having difficult relationships in the family or not regularly attending any out-of-school institution, a teenager is forced to join one or another group (cluster), automatically accepting its system of norms and values, which is not always socially positive.

For a very large number of adolescents, value orientations and moral principles preached by a reference group (i.e., serving as a role model) are personally significant, and this significance far exceeds “family” and “school” norms and values in the adolescent’s mind. This largely explains the low effectiveness of educational measures on a difficult teenager: in his mind, the negative action he has committed is not such, since it is approved from the point of view of the reference group (for example, rudeness towards a teacher at school is not regarded by him as a violation of norms behavior, but as a feat that will be supported and approved by peers).

There are many classifications of informal youth groups

(level of specialized socio-economic or socio-humanitarian class)

Fradkin classified informal associations according to the following criteria:

1) prosocial, asocial, antisocial;

2) membership and reference groups;

3) large and small (here we are not talking about quantity, but about quality: groups in which all teenagers directly communicate with each other are small, where they cannot communicate - large);

4) constant and random;

7) same-sex and different-sex.

Frolov offers the following classification:

1) by affiliation: in-group (mine), out-group (strangers);

2) by relationships: primary (those in which each member of the group sees the other as an individual), secondary (impersonal);

3) according to the degree of communication: small (where each member of the group is in personal communication with other members of the group), large (in these groups there is no direct communication).

According to A.V. Tolstoy, the classification is presented as follows:

1) socio-political groups. These groups aim to promote certain socio-political views and are non-aggressive;

2) radicals. Representatives of such groups are aggressive, the leaders are mainly from the older generation;

3) environmental and ethical. These groups try to keep the environment clean;

4) lifestyle groups. These groups are united by common interests and values (punks, hippies);

5) non-traditional religious (Satanists, Buddhists, cult groups);

6) interest groups (iconists, philatelists, sports and music fans).

Youth subcultures are not alike, they are all different. They differ in structure and classification.

Among all informal associations, two types can be distinguished, different in their structure:

1) democratic (based on social roles);

Both types of associations are characterized by group dynamics. Group dynamics refers to the interaction of members of social groups with each other.

There are many types of relationships and interactions. TO
processes of group dynamics include: management, leadership,
formation of group opinion, group cohesion, conflicts,
group pressure and other ways to regulate the behavior of group members. A group may report to one or two of its members, but the management process may involve all of its members. These and many other patterns of behavior make up the dynamics of the group.

CRIMINALIZATION IN ASOCIAL GROUPS

Informal associations influence the socialization of adolescents and young people depending on their composition, orientation, leadership style, and most importantly, on the degree of significance for one or another of their members. I.P. Bashkatov identifies four types of criminalized informal associations. Criminal groups differ from other social groups in their goals, the specificity of group processes, and their special social danger. They are characterized by a clear orientation towards criminal behavior. They are distinguished by illegal norms and prepared, organized commission of crimes. Therefore, such groups are also called criminal groups.

The emergence of a criminal group can be partly viewed as a spontaneous phenomenon. Criminal groups are formed, as a rule, by people without specific occupations, who do not work or study anywhere: hooligans, rapists, thieves, drug addicts, tramps who commit various crimes in order to satisfy personal interests and needs.
Gradually, the criminal group moves on to more complex organized groups and the most dangerous form of complicity - criminal communities, the main features of which are cohesion and a goal orientation to commit especially serious crimes, the presence of complex organizational and hierarchical connections with careful secrecy, a system of protective measures, internal counterintelligence, security guards, militants, etc. Organized criminal groups have a collegial leadership body, an information base, charter in the form of a list of informal norms, traditions, laws, sanctions.
Researchers of criminal groups identify in their structure an “inner circle,” consisting of a core, which includes the leader-leader and his closest assistants, as well as an “outer ring,” consisting of ordinary members, or “fellow travelers.” In groups there is always a strict dependence of members on each other. Criminal groups are led by clearly authoritarian leaders who seek to suppress all other members. With their leadership style, they turn other group members into puppets, depriving them of the right to choose, to dissent, and often the right to leave the group. The role of the leader as a kind of “detonator” that triggers the entire mechanism of the formation of a criminal group is obvious. It determines its “specialization”, the scale of criminal activity, and the nature of intra-group relations.
Adults, often previously convicted leaders, involve teenagers and young men in the activities of criminal groups. They use a wide variety of, sometimes very cunning, methods: “profitable” selfish offers, “comradely” requests and obligations, flattering persuasion, advice; the gradual introduction of teenagers and young men to drinking together, and sometimes to debauchery. Blackmail, threats, deception, as well as beatings and torture may be used.

Type I: socially neutral (mischievous) communication groups.

The main types of these groups are self-emerging “mischievous” groups of children and adolescents, formed according to the house, yard or street principle at the place of residence. The main goal of these groups is to satisfy the need for intimate and personal communication with peers, most often expressed in games, in conversations about anything. A characteristic feature of these groups is that the relationships between adolescents in them are not actually mediated by joint activities. There is no preparation for group activities. Immoral actions and misdeeds are committed by individual members suddenly on the initiative of the most mobile and active members of a spontaneously emerging group. There is no intra-group structure either. Interests, norms and values exist only at the personal level and can be both positive and negative. The general direction of activity and communication in these groups is socially neutral, with a tendency to develop in an asocial direction. Much depends on the previous experience of each teenager, on his involvement in socially useful activities. It’s good if teenagers in such informal associations are included in positive socially significant activities, but if yard and street groups of teenagers find themselves outside the control of adults, schools and public organizations, and left to themselves, then we can say with confidence that they will develop along criminogenic lines. ways.

Type II: pre-criminal or asocial imitation groups .

These are asocial groups of teenagers and young men who were formed on the basis of an imitative interest in foreign rock music, “heavy metal” - a group of “metalheads”; technology - groups of “night motorcyclists-rockers”; politicized fashion - groups of "hippies", "punks", "blackshirts" and "brownshirts"; groups of sports fans - “fans” and others. The nature of their group activity is asocial and has an intimate and personal bias. The main thing for teenagers is to be noticed, to be distinguished from adults and peers. Therefore, everyone, to the best of their strength and capabilities, tries to stand out and attract attention: some with clothes, some with hairstyle, some with behavior, some with knowledge of technology, music, etc. Most often, their joint activities are of a hooligan nature, resulting in a violation of public order. Individual members of groups can commit more serious crimes: use, sale and storage of narcotic substances, theft of personal and state property, etc. But these crimes are not group crimes, since they are not committed by the entire group, but only by individual members. Behavior deviating from moral norms and an asocial orientation in outlook on life indicate that these groups are on the verge of illegal activities. If preventive measures aimed at preventing the emergence of pre-criminal groups are not taken in a timely manner, then they will soon develop into unstable criminal groups.

Type III: unstable criminal or antisocial groups. The main types of these groups are groups of hooligans, thieves, rapists, tramps, drug addicts, substance abusers, etc. Utilitarian interests and inclinations, base needs of group members are satisfied in antisocial or criminal ways. Members of such groups already commit crimes in full force and immediately disintegrate. But over time, groups can meet again. The leader and the antisocial core of the group are clearly identified, around which the remaining members rally. The distribution of rights and responsibilities is noticeable. A characteristic type of activity is antisocial behavior and the commission of various crimes in order to satisfy base personal interests and needs. If unstable criminal groups are not identified in a timely manner and preventive measures of corrective labor and medical treatment are not applied to them, they can develop into stable criminal groups.

IV type: stable criminal or criminal groups.

These are stable associations of teenagers, which, as a rule, are well organized. The successful commission of crimes is facilitated by the high preparedness of criminal groups for illegal actions. They show a clear organizational structure. The quantitative composition of stable criminal groups is more or less constant. A “guiding center” is identified - the leader, preferred and performers. These criminal groups have their own “laws,” norms and values, which are carefully hidden from others. Failure to comply with or violate these “laws” leads to the disintegration of the group, so violators are prosecuted and punished. In groups there is always a cruel dependence of members on each other, mutual responsibility. The activities of such a group are clearly negative and antisocial in nature. Today in our country there are tens of thousands of informal youth associations of various directions, the activities of which are impossible to monitor. The attitude towards informal youth associations is ambiguous.

Antisocial youth subculture

The antisocial youth subculture stands out in the general mainstream of the youth subculture as a negative socio-psychological phenomenon, reflecting a specific way of life of a group, morally and psychologically isolated and alienated from other groups. In a broad sense, an antisocial subculture refers to all negative socio-psychological manifestations of people’s activities, relationships and communication; in a narrow sense - norms, values, traditions, customs, habits, and lifestyle of offenders.

Elements of such a subculture are concentrated in criminal groups and other closed and semi-closed communities. The signs of an antisocial subculture include its secret nature, the negative attitude of group members towards generally accepted rules, a system of attributes and symbols that are mandatory for all carriers of the subculture.

The emergence of an antisocial subculture is associated with the stratification of society, the economic inequality of people, which creates differences in many spheres of life. One of the reasons for such a subculture is the discrepancy between the ideals publicly proclaimed in society and the real means of achieving them. The shortcomings of the education system, the decline in the role of the school as a center of personal socialization, cause adolescents to strive to compensate for the missing activities with spontaneously occurring informal leisure. As a result, young people often fall under the influence of an antisocial environment, in which they develop values that conflict with universal values, and develop interpersonal relationships that alienate a person from society.

An unfavorable situation in the family can be considered as the reason for the formation of an antisocial subculture, when a teenager tries to compensate for the lack of interpersonal communication with loved ones in antisocial groups that are able to take into account his needs and, in turn, use all means to alienate the teenager from his family and society.

Various concepts are also being developed that try to explain the causes of antisocial subculture. Some theorists see the origins of the antisocial subculture in the residual effect of criminal laws and traditions; others proceed from the characteristics of the sexual isolation of people in closed communities; Still others consider the conflict between the individual and society to be the main factor of inequality.

In the subculture, a system of subordination of rights, responsibilities, means and methods of communication develops. Signs of a subculture can be both verbal means - jargon, nicknames, shouting, whistling, etc., and non-verbal ones - specific fashion, tattoos, facial expressions, etc. Among members of antisocial groups, all kinds of “oaths”, “registrations”, etc. are common. With the help of signs, such individuals inform others about their isolation. Signs represent a kind of indicator of a person’s popularity and authority. They can also act as a specific means of self-expression for subculture carriers. The degree to which members of informal associations master the elements of a subculture varies and depends on the place that a particular member occupies in it. There is a special stratification of community members. (mostly developed in relation to the criminal world, but typologically similar strata are also inherent in other antisocial groups). Depending on the role functions, rights, responsibilities and privileges of group members, 6 strata (steps in the subculture hierarchy) can be distinguished. “Authorities” are the actual leaders of groups, usually older and more experienced. They ensure the cohesion of their communities, control the behavior of their participants, apply repressive sanctions to violators of the laws of the subculture, etc. Their “authority” is based on knowledge of the rules of the subculture, the ability to violate generally accepted norms with impunity, and on connections with the criminal environment. Those “close” to the leaders are their advisors and executors. “Hard workers”, “men” are persons who have received a certain authority, who know the rules of the subculture, but do not always adhere to them. “Preferred” are persons who have passed the probationary period, been accepted into the association and received some privileges. Among them there are already teenagers who have distinguished themselves in front of the community. “Rejected” - persons who have not completed the probationary period, the so-called. “sixes” who are obliged to do any work. “Outcasts” and “offended” are powerless objects of bullying and exploitation. The transition from lower to higher levels is the desired goal of each group member and requires significant effort.

Such stratification allows leaders to keep their subordinates in obedience. Teenagers who find themselves in antisocial associations turn out to be the most defenseless due to lack of experience and physiol.-psychol. characteristics of your age. An antisocial environment has a particularly negative impact on the development of the personality of a teenager and young man, destroys the moral foundations of behavior, and forms a character deprived of independence and a sense of self-respect.

The position of a teenager in an antisocial subculture also depends on the orientation of the group and the length of its criminal activity. Group norms are divided into prohibitive, obligatory and regulating; Each norm has a clear disposition and provides for strict sanctions for its violation: deprivation of status and transfer to lower levels of the hierarchy, violence, blackmail, expulsion from the community. Group norms act as personifications. factors that create a traumatic situation for a teenager’s personality.

Conclusion:So, drawing a conclusion, we can say that the concept of “youth subculture” is defined in different ways: for V.T. Lisovsky it is the culture of a certain young generation, and N.G. Bagdasaryan defines it as a system within a general system and L.A. Karpenko designates it as a community consisting of adolescents and young people, and characterized by a number of integral features. Thus, based on these characteristics, the type of youth subcultures that have their own negative and positive qualities is determined.

The classification of informal groups is also not unambiguous. This indicates that informal groups of young people are diverse and each has its own characteristics and structure.

Literature: Gernet M.H., In prison. Essays on prison psychology, M., 1925; Wieligura B., Human functioning in conditions of prison isolation, Poznan, 1974; Struchkov N. A., Pirozhkov V. F., Asocial subculture and its prevention, “Corrective Labor Institutions,” 1982, No. 20; II and p about zh to about in V. F., Prevention and overcoming social negative phenomena among vocational school students, M., 1988; Gurov A.I., Prof. crime: past and present, M., 1990; Bashkatov I.P., Psychology of groups of juvenile offenders, M., 1992. I.P. Bashkatov.

Criminal groups are examples. Presentation on the topic "anti-social and criminal youth groups"

The work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject "Social Studies"

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