What refers to the nature of value judgments. How to cure the habit of making value judgments? So what is the danger of symptomatic reading par excellence?

According to the FIPI analytical report on the results of the 2012 Unified State Exam in social studies, the average completion rate for group B assignments in the sections “Man and Society,” “Economy,” and “Social Relations” is 60–61%. The indicators for the components “Law” – 55% and “Politics” – 53% are slightly worse.

Completing group B assignments requires graduates not only to have theoretical knowledge, but also the ability to transform it, correctly use concepts in a certain semantic context, classify concepts, and relate them to each other. Let us turn to the most typical tasks from this point of view.

Task B5 contains as a condition a small set of interrelated judgments. Graduates are tested on their ability to distinguish between objective statements and subjective-evaluative components in any social messages. In 2012, the fulfillment of task B5 was 60% (in 2011 the figure was higher - 86%). The task of differentiating facts and opinions in social information (refers to the basic level of complexity).
Correct completion of this task is assessed as follows: complete correct completion of the task - 2 points; completing a task with one error (one incorrectly specified symbol) or incomplete completion of the task (missing one character while other characters are correctly specified) – 1 point; incorrect completion of the task (when two or more incorrect characters are indicated) – 0 points. Each task in Part 2 is considered completed correctly if the correct answer is written in the form indicated in the instructions for completing the task.

In 2013, the model of task B5 will be complicated; it is planned to include a third component in the mini-text - judgment - a theoretical postulate. This will make it possible to identify the ability to distinguish in socially oriented texts an important and widely represented component in them - the provisions of the theory on which modern scientific social science is based.
What are the specifics of tasks to determine evaluative, factual judgments and the nature of theoretical statements?

Task B5 1

Read the text below, each position indicated by a specific letter.
(A) A good is a good whose demand increases as the income of buyers increases. (B) It is quite natural that the population strives to purchase more high-quality food, clothing, household appliances, and cars. (B) People buy more goods of inferior quality if incomes fall, and people refuse to purchase them as incomes rise. (D) Thus, as consumer income increases, they repair clothes and shoes less often, preferring to buy new ones, and refuse cheap and not very high-quality food products. (D) This pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel.

Determine which provisions of the text have:
1) factual nature;

A	B	IN	G	D

Let's try to figure out which judgments are factual, which are evaluative, and which statements are theoretical.
The word “fact” comes from the Latin faktum - “done, accomplished.”
A fact is knowledge in the form of a statement, the reliability of which is strictly established. Facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A factual judgment records a real fact, a phenomenon of already existing reality that took place in real time. Judgments of a factual nature cannot be challenged.

Science distinguishes three types of social facts:

Actions, actions of people, individuals or large social groups. Products of human activity (material and spiritual).
Verbal (verbal) actions: opinions, judgments, assessments. Examples of such social facts can be: Suvorov’s crossing of the Alps, the Cheops pyramid, the words spoken by Archimedes: “Give me a fulcrum, and I will move the globe.”

So, those events that actually happened are of a factual nature and are only material for further analysis and further value judgments. For example, the text states “as consumer income grows, they repair clothes and shoes less often, preferring to buy new ones, and refuse cheap and not very high-quality food products.” The position does not provide assessments. The same is true in the sentence - “this pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel” - a fact is stated.

Therefore, in our example, the factual provisions will be judgments (D) and (D).

The scientific explanation of a fact is also associated with its assessment. A person who understands social phenomena cannot be indifferent to the facts being studied; he forms his own attitude towards them, positive or negative, that is, he evaluates events in one way or another. Evaluative judgments (statements, opinions about a certain fact, object, phenomenon) express an attitude towards facts and evaluate their significance. These judgments can include both a purely evaluative component (“bad”, “good”, “immoral”, etc.), and an attitude towards the phenomenon in a broader sense, an explanation of its causes from one’s own position or an assessment of its influence on other phenomena (“can be explained”, “is an example”, etc.). As a rule, a value judgment in a text contains the following speech patterns: “in our opinion”, “in your opinion”, “from our point of view”, “apparently”, “considered”, “appeared”, “as claimed”, “as said”, “as noted” etc. Therefore, you should carefully analyze the provisions of the text presented in the task, mentally correlating them with a social fact or value judgment.

Analyzing the above text, we can conclude that provision (B) is evaluative in nature.

So, facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A scientifically established fact is the basis of science; it is recognized as a given, as an immutable truth (one of the meanings of the word “fact” is “true knowledge”). While explanations of facts, attitudes towards them, and assessments of their role may be different.

To complete such tasks, many reference books recommend using the following recommendations:

Factual judgments may contain the following phrases:	Examples of value judgments include:
Arose	It is believed that they should
Include	From the researchers' point of view
Numbers – (volume)	Apparently
Decide	I think
Intended	In our opinion
This is (some fact)	It appears
At all times there was	Must be recognized
Provide	According to a number of researchers
Therefore (statement)	From our point of view
Accepted, approved	More likely
However... (some fact)	In our opinion
Have a shape	According to another point of view
Recognizes	One can assume
Prohibits (statement)	Understatement...unjustified
Delivered (fait accompli)	It is going quite actively (some kind of process)
Entered the top ten	However…
Tied up	Has a strong tendency to persist
Held	If preserved, we can assume
Merger announced	Something is in decline today
Graduated from college	All this has the most detrimental effect on...
Wastes a lot of time	- this is the greatest achievement of civilization
More and more are using	This year it has received a topical focus
Diagnosed	The level has increased significantly
Experts have recorded	The breakup was not acceptable
This caused a significant increase	Oil company shares become a “locomotive”
The next International Design Festival took place	The shares are unlikely to be stable
In the study took part 30,000 men	She's doing the right thing
date	Habit can lead
It actually happened	It received a topical focus and became more modern
Happened	The level of submitted work has increased significantly
	The previously existing gap between “medal” projects and all others could not be considered acceptable
	We believe that this is the distribution of responsibilities negative affects family relationships
	This is an opinion may be due to low level of education

A theoretical statement is an initial statement of a single universal theory or a statement derived in the process of consistent reasoning from previously established statements of this theory, which does not contradict all adjacent initial and derivational statements of a single universal theory.

So the correct answer is:

A	B	IN	G	D
3	2	3	1	1

Now let's decide?!

Examples of tasks B5 2

№1.

(A) In modern society, situations arise when a person consciously participates in various cultural traditions. (B) Obviously, they are associated with population migrations and modernization. (B) The consequence may be psychological splitting, the formation of a “split” personality type. (D) Sociologists call the position of such an individual marginal. (D) The danger of a marginal position is the impact on a person of conflicting norms of values.

Determine which provisions of the text are
1) factual nature
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 2. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) A group of scientists led by A. Peccei organized the so-called Club of Rome - an international non-governmental organization whose goal is to study the problems of the modern world. (B) Uncontrolled population growth, environmental problems, modern achievements of science and technology have raised the problem of assessing the direction of the quality of social progress. (B) The aggravation of global problems indicates, in our opinion, the crisis of modern civilization. (D) At the same time, we admit that attempts to resolve global problems strengthen the unity of countries and peoples. (D) Experts from different countries take part in the work of the Club of Rome.

1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 3. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) Sociologists identify several factors of social mobility. (B) Some of them are objective - the state regime, the socio-economic and political situation in society, the processes of modernization. (C) Some factors are associated with the activity of the individual himself - level of education, career, etc. (D) But no matter how external circumstances develop, individual mobility is obviously determined by the level of aspirations and the activity of a person. (D) In ​​modern society, a person probably has every chance to realize himself and achieve a high social position.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 4. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) Ivan successfully passed the interview for a job as a lawyer. (B) But the employer refused to enter into an employment contract with him after learning that he was 48 years old. (B) The advertised vacancy did not specifically specify the age of the applicant. (D) The correct thing for Ivan to do would be to appeal this decision in court. (D) Labor disputes are considered by courts of general jurisdiction within the framework of civil proceedings.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 5.

(A) Global problems of the modern world threaten the survival of humanity as a biological species. (B) Downplaying the danger of a new world war in modern conditions is unjustified. (B) According to official information, there are about 70 thousand nuclear weapons on Earth. (D) Calculations show that this arsenal is capable of completely destroying life on the planet. (D) We believe that an appeal to the world community with a call for disarmament is extremely necessary.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 6. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) The family as a social institution ensures reproduction and primary socialization of new generations. (B) The study involved 1503 people - boys and girls over 18 years of age. (B) They were asked various questions: about marriage, divorce and raising children. (D) Every second respondent stated that early marriages often end in divorce. (D) In ​​our opinion, such marriages destabilize society and aggravate the crisis of family values.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 7. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) The emergence of family legal relations is associated with the official registration of marriage in the manner prescribed by law. (B) Adults Ivan and Natalya came to the registry office to submit an application for state registration of marriage. (B) The civil registry office employee refused to accept this application because Ivan was declared incompetent by the court. (D) Natalya, who knew about this and was guided by the desire to register in Ivan’s apartment, acted immorally. (D) Ivan's guardians should monitor him better.

Determine which provisions of the text are
1) factual nature
2) the nature of value judgments
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 8. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) The middle class in modern Western societies is the most numerous part of society. (B) Apparently, it is impossible to identify a single, universal criterion for belonging to the middle class. (B) The criteria used include income level, consumption standards, level of education, and ability for skilled labor. (D) The middle class includes small entrepreneurs, highly skilled workers, service sector specialists, administrative personnel, intellectuals and other groups. (E) The middle class seems to be the basis for the stable development of society.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 9. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) The process of depreciation of money, i.e. inflation is manifested in an increase in prices that is not justified by an increase in the quality of goods and services (B) The increase in prices in country Z in the winter months turned out to be “more modest” than the forecasts of most economists. (B) Inflation was 2.1% (3.4% in the winter of the previous year). (D) Most likely, the slowdown in the indicator is facilitated by the decline in oil prices on world trading floors. (D) Perhaps the stabilization of gasoline prices on the domestic market also played a role in the statistics.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

Answers: 3

Job No.	A	B	IN	G	D
№ 1	1	2	3	1	3
№ 2	1	3	2	2	1
№ 3	1	3	3	2	2
№ 4	1	1	1	2	3
№ 5	3	2	1	1	2
№ 6	3	1	1	1	2
№ 7	3	1	1	2	2
№ 8	1	2	3	3	2
№ 9	3	2	1	2	2

According to the FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam 2012, task B6 is also difficult for graduates, which involves the inclusion of concepts and terms in a certain semantic context. Data from the 2012 Unified State Examination results show that this applies to all sections of the course. The greatest difficulty is the use of legal terms. The average percentage of completion of task B6 is 45.4% 4. This is the lowest rate of completion of Part 2 assignments by graduates. The extremely low result of assignment B6 indicates a lack of systemic knowledge of the course and a low communicative culture of this group of graduates.

The issue of this type of assignment has already been discussed. Information can be viewed.

Notes:
1 Unified State Examination - 2013: Social studies: the most complete edition of standard versions of tasks / author. – comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskova. – Moscow: Astrel, 2003. (FIPI).
2 Ibid.
3 Unified State Examination - 2013: Social studies: the most complete edition of standard versions of tasks / author. – comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskova. – Moscow: Astrel, 2003. P.146 - 148
4 Analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam 2012 P.6.

When compiling the article, the following materials were used:
1. Analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam 2012 (http://www.fipi.ru).
2. Unified State Examination - 2013: Social studies: the most complete edition of standard versions of tasks / author. – comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskova. – Moscow: Astrel, 2003. (FIPI)

Actual characterinherent in those events that have already happened. In the future, these circumstances will form the basis for analysis and value judgments. You will learn about how events are assessed and what statements are factual in nature from our article.

What is factual character?

A factual judgment states an event that has already happened. That is why an opinion that is factual cannot be refuted.

Don't know your rights?

Those events that have already happened are subject to analysis and subsequent evaluation. An example of judgments that are factual in nature may be the following phrases: “the crisis in the economy leads to an increase in the percentage of unemployed citizens,” “after the end of the war, costs will be required to restore destroyed cities.” These statements do not carry emotional overtones; they only state the occurrence of events and what will happen after them.

What is a value judgment?

Any fact that occurred is subject to assessment by each person. An opinion can be either evaluative - for example, expressed in the words “bad”, “good”, or explaining a person’s position. The nature of value judgments can also be indifferent.

A value judgment, as a rule, is expressed using the following phrases “in my opinion”, “I believe”, “as the speaker noted”, etc. But sometimes such judgments are the basis for explaining the influence of an event on other objects, for reasoning about the reasons the event that occurred. In this case, the following phrases will be used in the narrator’s speech: “this event can be an example”; “this fact is an explanation”, etc.

Absolutely any person is part of the environment in which he lives. This implies a reluctance to stand out from society. Now we can conclude that the subjective evaluative opinion of each of us is the result of the influence of public judgments.

Why is an assessment needed?

The main task of assessment is self-control and self-government, coupled with identifying oneself with society. We begin to talk about value judgment when it comes to concepts such as protecting honor and dignity. But most often this concept is used precisely in the scientific field in order to define certain facts and theories.

Definitions

A value judgment is a person’s subjective assessment of any environmental phenomenon. Simply put, it is an opinion that is most often expressed using evaluative concepts. We are used to using them in everyday life, for example, for better or worse. In this way we explain our personal position in relation to a specific object, person or phenomenon.

What kinds of judgments are there?

Value judgments are usually divided according to their direction. We can talk about three types:

• Factual or objective judgments record those events that actually happened in life. Simply put, an event that was captured by people or special devices, and also stored in any form or has evidence. An actual theoretical value judgment may be the result of one's own experience or of another's. This also includes events that occur not only in real life, but can also be the plot of books, movies, advertising, and so on. For example, Harry Potter is a wizard who studied at Hogwarts. This is definitely a fact, but a fact that happened in a fantasy world.
• A value judgment is a subjective opinion, which may not even belong to a specific person, but to an entire society. This type of judgment reflects an individual perception of a fact.
• Theoretical judgments are information that is based on the experience of more than one generation. In order to have an actual evaluative theoretical character of judgments, it is absolutely not necessary to be a scientist or understand science. Even the most ordinary person can gain scientific experience.

Scientific experience

To understand this issue, you need to determine what scientific experience is and where to get it. Everything is simple here, usually these are any events, concepts, theories, schemes that are presented by competent people in an orderly and specific manner. The amount of knowledge in the world is crazy, but only those that have received approval from the scientific community and have been published in special publications are recognized as scientific. Theoretical judgments should not be confused with the most ordinary facts. After all, a phenomenon is a specific event, and a theory is a scheme of actions. Each person gives certain phenomena and objects an independent assessment, and it is considered as such, even if this judgment is imposed on him by the world around him.

Types of evaluative opinion

Psychology characterizes value judgments as follows. They are: correct/incorrect, adequate/inadequate, optimal/suboptimal. A person characterizes each of his factual judgments and value judgments in accordance with these three positions. Even though a person may make mistakes, he always considers his opinion to be correct, adequate and optimal. Each of these characteristics has its own properties. For example, a person can form an opinion about the correctness of another person’s judgment if he compares it with the patterns of events. As for adequacy, we compare the judgment with reality, with existing facts. The optimality of an opinion is determined by the benefit of the opinion to the one who expresses this opinion. For example, if a person decides to lie, such an opinion can be called optimal if, thanks to his lie, the person achieves his goal. Examples of an inadequate and suboptimal value judgment may be as follows: something unpleasant happened to a person, but he looked at the situation with optimism and found positive aspects. In the future, this judgment helped him achieve new goals and change his life for the better. By assessing the surrounding reality, a person can manage and control himself, thereby shaping his own reality. If we talk about the most important mission of value judgment, then this is not the fight for the truth, but the justification of one’s own thoughts, words, and actions.

What types of statements are there?

A proposition is a proposition that is expressed through narration. Typically we deal with the following types of opinions:

• Evaluative - usually involves an open or indirect expressed opinion of a particular person about what is happening from the position of whether it is good or bad. If the presence of a value judgment is indirect, then it can be identified only by asking additional questions to the speaker.
• Substantiating is a judgment that is supported by arguments and facts.
• Analytical - a judgment that notes the specific need for the existence of a particular phenomenon or object, its analysis and the degree of connection with other objects.
• Existential is the most common opinion in its pure form. Used to indicate the existence of a certain fact without a specific explanation.
• Definition is a judgment, the essence of which is to reveal the essence of a specific phenomenon or object.

If an opinion incorporates several of the above characteristics at once, it means it is constructive.

Educational process

Value judgment is of no small importance in the educational process. In fact, the teacher’s activity is aimed at assessment. Grades are a kind of indicators of the achievement of certain results by students, which act on students as a motivation to action. And if everything is clear with psychology, then in pedagogy there is its own classification of value judgments.

• Destructive - a teacher’s opinion about a student, which negatively affects the latter’s self-esteem. Typically, such judgments are filled with expressive vocabulary and do not in any way push the student to achieve better results; on the contrary, they contribute to the fact that he begins to act out of spite.
• A limiting judgment is based on comparing certain results with some established truth. If a student deviates from this truth, he will be reprimanded. Thus, his activities are limited to certain limits established by the teacher.
• Supportive value judgment is the most effective. For example, teachers can praise even the most careless student with the goal that he will at least glance at the textbook.
• Developmental value judgment is preferred in education. If the previous option puts the student in a certain comfort zone, where he is always ready for praise, then in this case the teacher’s comments direct the student on the path to further growth and movement forward.

As we see, value judgments play a major role in the educational process.

Examples

Scientific interpretation of facts does not take place without evaluation and expression of opinion. Every scientist, after analyzing and studying any information, must express his opinion, which he formed during the research process. That is why any material has true social facts that are mixed with the subjective opinion of the author. It is possible to identify value judgments in scientific publications through the use of the following constructions in the text: in all likelihood, it seems, most likely, there is reason to assume, I think, my point of view, and so on. Often such judgments can become the basis for explaining the influence of events on other objects or phenomena. They can be identified by the presence of the following phrases in the text: this situation can become an example, this fact explains the following, based on the above, a conclusion can be drawn, and so on.

A value judgment (opinion) is a person’s subjective assessment of any phenomenon in the surrounding reality. It is usually expressed using evaluative words (“acceptable/unacceptable”, “good/bad”) or explains a person’s individual position.

Based on their focus, judgments are of three types:

1. Factual (objective). That is, those that record events that actually happened. In other words, this is a real accomplished fact, recorded by people or special devices and stored in any form. Factual opinions may be the result of one's own or others' experiences. Often, factual events include events that did not happen in reality, but are the plots of books (films, commercials). For example, the fact that Alice fell down the rabbit hole is a fact, even though it happened in a fantasy world.
2. Evaluative (subjective). Always subjective, even if they are public. Such judgments reflect an individual perception of a fact.
3. Theoretical. This is a presentation of information based on the experience of many generations. A person does not have to be a scientist in order for his theoretical judgments to be based on scientific experience.

To be clear, let's understand what scientific expertise is. These are events, concepts, patterns, outlined and ordered in a certain way. Knowledge becomes scientific only after publication in special publications.

Theoretical judgments are easy to confuse with facts. It should be remembered that a fact is a concrete phenomenon, and a theory is just a scheme of actions.
A person always gives an independent assessment of the world around him, even if this opinion is dictated to him from the outside. Despite this, there are several types of evaluative opinions:

• correct;
• incorrect;
• adequate;
• inadequate;
• optimal;
• suboptimal.

This classification is based on the study of individual value judgments. After all, a person expressing an evaluative opinion always considers it correct, adequate and optimal. Without realizing it, he can make mistakes, especially if he unconsciously wishes for reality.

The correctness of an opinion can be judged by comparing it with the pattern of events. About adequacy - comparing with reality (facts).
Optimality means how beneficial the evaluative opinion is to the subject of the statement.

Sometimes a person utters an outright lie, although he himself understands it very well. Such self-deception can be very optimal if its result is the achievement of the intended goal! ​

An example of such inadequate and suboptimal judgment is when a person, in the most bleak events (being fired from a job, having a wallet stolen), finds positive aspects that help him achieve something new and better.

Inadequate and incorrect value judgments are determined by comparing them with reality.

By assessing what is happening around, a person can control himself and shape his reality. When communicating with other people, we sometimes notice the incorrectness of their statements. The same thing happens to those who listen to us. It turns out that all people lie and tell the truth at the same time.

As a result, we can say that the main function of a value judgment is not to clarify the truth, but to justify one’s own thoughts, words, and actions.

Any assessment ultimately affects a person’s actions, behavior, his attitude towards himself and others. ​

In mentally healthy people, self-esteem is usually slightly inflated, which allows them to remain at least at an average level. This phenomenon is also characteristic of humanity as a whole. However, if such unfounded optimism reaches a global scale, this is a step into the abyss for society.

Each person is a particle of his environment, which does not want to stand out too much from the general mass. It follows from this that the subjective evaluative opinion of each of us is the result of the influence of public judgments. And the main function of assessment is self-government, as well as identifying oneself with society.

Typically, you should respond to a nonverbal “message” taking into account the entire context of the communication. This means that if the speaker’s facial expressions, tone of voice and posture correspond to his words, then there are no problems. In this case, nonverbal communication helps to more accurately understand what is said.

When the discrepancy between words and nonverbal “messages” is small, as is the case when someone hesitantly invites us somewhere several times, we may or may not respond verbally to these contradictory expressions. Much depends on the participants in communication, the nature of their relationship and the specific situation. But we rarely ignore gestures and facial expressions. They often force us to postpone fulfilling, for example, a request we have made. In other words, our understanding of nonverbal language tends to lag. Consequently, when we receive “conflicting signals” from the speaker, we can express the answer in something like this: “I’ll think about it” or “We’ll come back to this issue with you,” leaving ourselves time to evaluate all aspects of the communication before making a firm decision.

When the discrepancy between the words and the speaker’s nonverbal signals is pronounced, a verbal response to “conflicting signals” is quite appropriate. Contradictory gestures and words of the interlocutor should be responded with emphatic tact. For example, if the speaker agrees to do something for you, but shows signs of doubt, for example, making frequent pauses, asking questions, or his face expresses surprise, the following remark may be possible: “It seems to me that you are skeptical about this. Could you please explain why? This remark shows that you are attentive to everything the other person says and does, and thus will not cause him anxiety or defensiveness. You are just giving him the opportunity to express himself more fully.

So, effective listening depends not only on accurately understanding the speaker's words, but also, no less, on understanding non-verbal cues. Communication also includes nonverbal cues that can confirm or sometimes contradict verbal messages. Understanding these non-verbal signals - gestures and facial expressions of the speaker - will help the listener to correctly interpret the words of the interlocutor, which will increase the effectiveness of communication.

Value judgments in business etiquette. Principles of strengthening judgments.

Value judgments, as a rule, cause a bad reaction, or even aggression, in most people. It’s one thing if you praise your interlocutor for something, but another thing if you express a negative judgment.

For example, you can reproach your friend that he is such a fool that you need to look for him. If this is your style of communication all the time, if your statement to a friend does not seem offensive, everything is fine. But more than once we have seen how, at negotiations, planning meetings and other business events, those who consider themselves entitled to express an opinion about the quality of other people’s work (boss or leading partner) “forgot” that they were not at a friendly meeting and said phrases along the lines of “some cretin handed me an ugly report”, “Sidorov completely failed the work”, etc.

And the report, based on common sense, was not ugly, and the work was not “completely” overwhelmed, but the principle of strengthening judgment by deteriorating the image of the report’s author was at work here. To them the judgment only looked unfair. Therefore, in the business world it is customary to refuse any judgments with a negative presentation.

A value judgment is a mental act that expresses the speaker’s attitude to the content of the thought expressed by asserting the modality of what was said and is usually associated with the psychological state of conviction or faith.

In an evaluative judgment, the subject attributes certain moral qualities to an object—advantages or disadvantages—and always expresses an attitude toward the object based on how much the subject values ​​the properties or characteristics of the object.

A value judgment is a subjective or psychological measurement. When making a value judgment, a person classifies, ranks, and assigns certain numerical values ​​to objects, events, or people.

Value judgments, with the exception of insult or slander, are statements that do not contain factual data, in particular, criticism, assessment of actions, as well as statements that cannot be interpreted as containing factual data, taking into account the nature of the use of linguistic means, in particular the use hyperbole, allegories, satire.

Value judgments are not subject to refutation and proof of their veracity.