Pension for collective farmers in the USSR. Once again about pensions and collective farms Under Stalin, relatives supplemented the living expenses of old people

Soviet peasants, who made up the majority of the population during Stalin's time, were deprived of pensions. Pensions for collective farmers began to be paid only in the mid-1960s, but these payments were several times less than those for city residents - only 12-20 rubles per month. Until 1971, men on collective farms retired at 65, women at 60. Social equality between peasants and townspeople was achieved in Russia only in the early 1990s.

De jure, in the 1930s, collective farmers received the second edition of serfdom: they were attached to the land, bore labor and monetary obligations, including those not related to work on the land - for example, the obligation to work at least 6 days a year on construction and repairs expensive A continuation of this defeat in rights was the lack of pensions for collective farmers. The discovery of gas and oil fields in Western Siberia in the late 1960s led to the liberalization of political and social relations in the countryside: the state now had a new source of funding. How the pension system was introduced on collective farms is described in the monograph by Tatiana Dimoni, Doctor of Historical Sciences from Vologda, “Social Security for Collective Farmers of the European North of Russia in the Second Half of the 20th Century.” We publish part of this work.

“Until the mid-1960s, there was no unified system of state pension provision for collective farmers. Despite the fact that the Constitution of the USSR of 1936 enshrined the right of all citizens of the country to material support in the event of old age or disability, until 1964 this function in relation to collective farmers was assigned to agricultural cooperatives. The Model Charter of the Agricultural Artel of 1935 (Article 11) obliged the collective farm board, by decision of the general meeting of the artel members, to create a social fund to provide assistance to the disabled, the elderly, collective farmers who have temporarily lost their ability to work, needy families of military personnel, to maintain kindergartens, nurseries and orphans. The fund was to be created from the harvest and livestock products received by the collective farm in an amount not exceeding 2% of the total gross output of the collective farm. The collective farm, whenever possible, allocated products and funds to the relief fund.

The pension paid by the collective farm usually consisted of payments in kind. For example, in the Myaksinsky district of the Vologda region in 1952, elderly members of collective farms were given 10-12 kg of grain and firewood every month. However, pension provision was not mandatory.

A study of the work to eliminate and prevent beggary in the early 1950s, carried out by the district social welfare departments of the Vologda region, showed that elderly and sick people, often alone (usually over the age of 70 - the oldest “beggar” was 103 years old) were forced to “pick up the pieces.” In each district of the region there were from ten to fifty such people.

Some collective farmers had the right to a state pension - until 1964 it was assigned to collective farm chairmen, machine operators, specialists, and disabled people of the Great Patriotic War. The number of such collective farmers was small. In the Vologda region in 1963, there were only 8.5 thousand retired collective farmers, which amounted to no more than 10% of the total number of elderly members of agricultural associations.

According to budget surveys of families of collective farmers in the Vologda region, in the annual cash income of the family the pension amounted to 31 rubles in 1955, in 1960 - 39 rubles, which did not exceed 4-6% of the budget of the collective farm household.

The unified system of state pension provision for collective farmers was introduced by the law of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 15, 1964 “On pensions and benefits for members of collective farms” (state pensions for workers and employees were established in 1956). The law determined that the pension was assigned for old age, disability and in the event of the loss of a breadwinner. Old-age pensions were received by collective farmers who had reached retirement age (men - 65 years, women - 60 years) and had a certain work experience (men - at least 25 years, women - at least 20 years). The minimum old-age pension was 12 rubles. per month, maximum - 102 rubles. per month.

The minimum disability pensions established by the legislation of 1964 were 15 rubles for disabled people of group I, 12 rubles for group II. per month. The minimum pensions for the loss of a breadwinner ranged from 9 to 15 rubles. per month depending on the number of remaining disabled family members.

The law on pensions and benefits for members of collective farms, put into effect on January 1, 1965, had a great public response and was discussed in all agricultural associations. On the boards of many collective farms, lists of collective farmers who had the right to a pension were posted, they were discussed at meetings, and the lists were approved by the boards of collective farms.

To pay pensions and benefits in 1964, the Centralized Union Social Security Fund for Collective Farmers was formed in the country, to which shares of collective farm income were allocated (2.5% of the gross income for 1964 and 4% for 1965) and annual allocations were made from the State Budget of the USSR .

In the 1970s, collective farm pension legislation evolved towards convergence with the pension system established for workers and employees. The retirement age for receiving an old-age pension was reduced for male collective farmers to 60 years, for women - to 55 years. In 1971, the minimum old-age pension for collective farmers was increased to 20 rubles. per month (for workers and office workers its size at the same time was 45 rubles). The maximum pension for collective farmers, as well as for workers and employees, was 120 rubles. per month. The minimum amounts of disability pensions also increased: disabled people of group I - up to 30-35 rubles, group II - up to 20-25 rubles, disabled people of group III - up to 16 rubles. per month.

In 1971, for the first time, another specific feature of the “collective farm pension” appeared in legislation. Now, members of collective farms and their families received pensions (except for the minimum ones) in full, according to the standards established for workers and employees, only if the farm of which the pensioner was a member did not have a personal plot or the size of the plot did not exceed 0. 15 hectares. In other cases, the pension should have been 85% of the established amount. This rule applied to all pension supplements and was once again spelled out in the legislation on pensions in 1977. Pensioners who lived in homes for the elderly and disabled were paid 10% of the assigned pension (but not less than 5 rubles per month).

Pensions for collective farmers were increased again in the 1980s. From January 1, 1980, the minimum pensions for collective farm members were increased: for old age - up to 28 rubles. per month (since 1981, the minimum pension for workers and employees was 50 rubles), for disability group I - up to 45 rubles, group II - 28 rubles. per month. The minimum pension for the loss of a breadwinner was also increased. Now it ranged from 20 to 45 rubles. per month. On November 1, 1985, the minimum old-age pension for collective farmers was increased to 40 rubles. per month.

In 1992, the RSFSR Law “On State Pensions in the RSFSR” came into force, which finally equalized the pensions of peasants and townspeople.

Let's look at examples of how the pension system for collective farmers was implemented in the European North of Russia in the second half of the twentieth century.

The average pension accrued to collective farm members initially did not exceed the established minimum. In 1965, it was 12.6 rubles in the Arkhangelsk region, 12.2 rubles in the Vologda region, and 12 rubles in the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. and in the Komi ASSR - 12.5 rubles.

A noticeable feature of the values ​​of collective farm pensions is their discriminatory nature in comparison with the amounts of pensions for workers and employees in the region. In 1965, the average pension of collective farmers in the Vologda region was 2.7 times less than that of workers and employees in the same region.

Thanks to the rapid growth of collective farmers' pensions in the 1970s, differences in pension coverage decreased, but remained significant. Thus, in the Arkhangelsk region, the average monthly pension of a collective farmer was 35% of the pension of a worker and employee in 1965, in the Vologda region - 37%, in 1985 - 61 and 64%, respectively, and by the early 1990s - 81 and 83%. The proportion of collective farmers receiving minimum pensions also decreased. If in 1965 90% of old-age pensioners in the RSFSR received minimum pensions, then by the end of the 1970s - mid-1980s their share decreased: in the Vologda region in 1979, 58% of collective farm pensioners received a minimum old-age pension, in 1984 - 36%."

It is well known that Khrushchev gave pensions to collective farmers, as well as passports. And so, under Stalin, Soviet peasants were ordinary serfs...

“Until 1964, collective farmers were not paid pensions at all.”
(Isaev A.K. Deputy Chairman of the State Duma)

Well, since the deputy chairman of the State Duma said that pensions were not paid, that means they were not paid.

Peasant Woman, No. 7, 1958

Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on February 1, 1932 (NW USSR 1932 No. 9, Art. 51) “On mutual public assistance funds of collective farms”:

Collective farm mutual aid funds provide assistance to collective farmers in cases of disability, old age, illness, pregnancy and childbirth, as well as in other cases when collective farmers and collective farmers are deprived of the opportunity to participate in production and need public assistance...

***
In 1935, the Constitution of the USSR enshrined the right of all citizens of the country to pension provision.

There was no unified pension fund at that time; the payment of social benefits for disability and old age was entrusted directly to the artels, which were supposed to create a social fund and a mutual assistance fund for this purpose.

“The Model Charter of the Agricultural Artel of 1935 (Article 11) obliged the collective farm board, by decision of the general meeting of the artel members, to create a social fund to provide assistance to the disabled, the elderly, collective farmers who have temporarily lost their ability to work, needy families of military personnel, to maintain kindergartens, nurseries and orphans1. The fund was to be created from the harvest and livestock products received by the collective farm in an amount not exceeding 2% of the total gross output of the collective farm. The collective farm, whenever possible, allocated products and funds to the relief fund. At their discretion, collective farms could also establish permanent pensions for elderly collective farmers and disabled workers by monthly issuing them food, money, or accruing workdays. The amount and procedure for pension provision (retirement age and length of service required to receive a pension) were determined by the general meeting of artel members or a meeting of authorized representatives.”
(T. M. Dimoni “Social security of collective farmers of the European North of Russia in the second half of the twentieth century”).

So until the end of the 60s, collective farmers also received a pension, it was simply issued not by the state, but by the collective farm itself. In addition to pensions from the collective farm, specialists disabled during the Great Patriotic War could additionally receive a state pension. “The number of such collective farmers was small. In the Vologda region in 1963, there were only 8.5 thousand retired collective farmers, which amounted to no more than 10% of the total number of elderly members of agricultural cooperatives.” (Dimoni).

For workers and employees, state pensions were established in 1956 by the law on state pensions (“Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR”, 1956, No. 15, Art. 313.)

With the publication in 1964 of the “Law on Pensions and Benefits to Collective Farm Members” (“Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR”, 1964, No. 29, Art. 340), the final formation of the USSR pension system took place and the state completely assumed the responsibility for paying pensions. At the same time, the resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers specifically noted that collective farms, at their discretion, can retain their pension payments - in addition to the state pension.

From the same law of July 15, 1964 (in its original version, the law was amended several times):

“Article 6. Members of collective farms have the right to an old-age pension: men - upon reaching 65 years of age and with at least 25 years of work experience; women - upon reaching 60 years of age and with at least 20 years of work experience. […] Article 8. Old-age pensions for collective farm members are assigned in the amount of 50 percent of earnings up to 50 rubles per month and, in addition, 25 percent of the rest of earnings. The minimum old-age pension is set at 12 rubles per month. The maximum amount of old-age pension is set at 102 rubles per month, that is, at the level of the maximum amount of old-age pension provided for by the Law on State Pensions for workers and employees permanently residing in rural areas and associated with agriculture.”

In all subsequent years, there has been a gradual equalization of the pension provision of collective farmers with that of workers and employees, thanks to the faster growth rates of pensions for collective farmers.

Soviet peasants, who made up the majority of the population during Stalin's time, were deprived of pensions. Pensions for collective farmers began to be paid only in the mid-1960s, but these payments were several times less than for city residents - only 12-20 rubles per month. Until 1971, men on collective farms retired at 65, women at 60. Social equality between peasants and townspeople was achieved in Russia only in the early 1990s.

The Interpreter's blog has already talked in several articles about the economic situation of peasants under Stalin:

De jure, in the 1930s, collective farmers received the second edition of serfdom: they were attached to the land, bore labor and monetary obligations, including those not related to work on the land - for example, the obligation to work at least 6 days a year on construction and repairs expensive A continuation of this defeat in rights was the lack of pensions for collective farmers. The discovery of gas and oil fields in Western Siberia in the late 1960s led to the liberalization of political and social relations in the countryside: the state now had a new source of funding. How the pension system was introduced on collective farms is described in the monograph by Tatiana Dimoni, Doctor of Historical Sciences from Vologda, “Social Security for Collective Farmers of the European North of Russia in the Second Half of the 20th Century.” We publish part of this work.

“Until the mid-1960s, there was no unified system of state pension provision for collective farmers. Despite the fact that the 1936 Constitution of the USSR enshrined the right of all citizens of the country to financial support in the event of old age or disability, until 1964 this function in relation to collective farmers was assigned to The Model Charter of the Agricultural Artel of 1935 (Article 11) obligated the collective farm board, by decision of the general meeting of artel members, to create a social fund to provide assistance to the disabled, the elderly, collective farmers who were temporarily unable to work, needy families of military personnel, to maintain kindergartens, nurseries and orphans. The fund was to be created from the harvest and livestock products received by the collective farm in an amount not exceeding 2% of the total gross output of the collective farm. The collective farm, if possible, allocated products and funds to the relief fund.

The pension paid by the collective farm usually consisted of payments in kind. For example, in the Myaksinsky district of the Vologda region in 1952, elderly members of collective farms were given 10-12 kg of grain and firewood every month. However, pension provision was not mandatory.

A study of the work to eliminate and prevent beggary in the early 1950s, carried out by the district social welfare departments of the Vologda region, showed that elderly and sick people, often alone (usually over the age of 70 - the oldest “beggar” was 103 years old) were forced to "pick up the pieces." In each district of the region there were from ten to fifty such people.

Some collective farmers had the right to a state pension - until 1964 it was assigned to collective farm chairmen, machine operators, specialists, and disabled people of the Great Patriotic War. The number of such collective farmers was small. In the Vologda region in 1963, there were only 8.5 thousand retired collective farmers, which amounted to no more than 10% of the total number of elderly members of agricultural associations.

According to budget surveys of families of collective farmers in the Vologda region, in the annual monetary income of the family the pension amount was 31 rubles in 1955, in 1960 - 39 rubles, which did not exceed 4-6% of the budget of the collective farm household.

The unified system of state pension provision for collective farmers was introduced by the law of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 15, 1964 “On pensions and benefits for members of collective farms” (state pensions for workers and employees were established in 1956). The law determined that the pension was assigned for old age, disability and in the event of the loss of a breadwinner. Old-age pensions were received by collective farmers who had reached retirement age (men - 65 years, women - 60 years) and had a certain work experience (men - at least 25 years, women - at least 20 years). The minimum old-age pension was 12 rubles. per month, maximum - 102 rubles. per month.

The minimum disability pensions established by the legislation of 1964 were 15 rubles for disabled people of group I, 12 rubles for group II. per month. The minimum pensions for the loss of a breadwinner ranged from 9 to 15 rubles. per month depending on the number of remaining disabled family members.

The law on pensions and benefits for members of collective farms, put into effect on January 1, 1965, had a great public response and was discussed in all agricultural associations. On the boards of many collective farms, lists of collective farmers who had the right to a pension were posted, they were discussed at meetings, and the lists were approved by the boards of collective farms.

To pay pensions and benefits in 1964, the Centralized Union Social Security Fund for Collective Farmers was formed in the country, to which shares of collective farm income were allocated (2.5% of the gross income for 1964 and 4% for 1965) and annual allocations were made from the State Budget of the USSR .

In the 1970s, collective farm pension legislation evolved towards convergence with the pension system established for workers and employees. The retirement age for receiving an old-age pension was reduced for male collective farmers to 60 years, for women - to 55 years. In 1971, the minimum old-age pension for collective farmers was increased to 20 rubles. per month (for workers and office workers its size at the same time was 45 rubles). The maximum pension for collective farmers, as well as for workers and employees, was 120 rubles. per month. The minimum amounts of disability pensions also increased: disabled people of group I - up to 30-35 rubles, group II - up to 20-25 rubles, disabled people of group III - up to 16 rubles. per month.

In 1971, for the first time, another specific feature of the “collective farm pension” appeared in legislation. Now, members of collective farms and their families received pensions (except for the minimum ones) in full, according to the standards established for workers and employees, only if the farm of which the pensioner was a member did not have a personal plot or the size of the plot did not exceed 0. 15 hectares. In other cases, the pension should have been 85% of the established amount. This rule applied to all pension supplements and was once again spelled out in the legislation on pensions in 1977. Pensioners who lived in homes for the elderly and disabled were paid 10% of the assigned pension (but not less than 5 rubles per month).

Pensions for collective farmers were increased again in the 1980s. From January 1, 1980, the minimum pensions for collective farm members were increased: for old age - up to 28 rubles. per month (since 1981, the minimum pension for workers and employees was 50 rubles), for disability group I - up to 45 rubles, group II - 28 rubles. per month. The minimum pension for the loss of a breadwinner was also increased. Now it ranged from 20 to 45 rubles. per month. On November 1, 1985, the minimum old-age pension for collective farmers was increased to 40 rubles. per month.

In 1992, the RSFSR Law “On State Pensions in the RSFSR” came into force, which finally equalized the pensions of peasants and townspeople.

Let's look at examples of how the pension system for collective farmers was implemented in the European North of Russia in the second half of the twentieth century.

The average pension accrued to collective farm members initially did not exceed the established minimum. In 1965, it was 12.6 rubles in the Arkhangelsk region, 12.2 rubles in the Vologda region, and 12 rubles in the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. and in the Komi ASSR - 12.5 rubles.

A noticeable feature of the values ​​of collective farm pensions is their discriminatory nature in comparison with the amounts of pensions for workers and employees in the region. In 1965, the average pension of collective farmers in the Vologda region was 2.7 times less than that of workers and employees in the same region.

Thanks to the rapid growth of collective farmers' pensions in the 1970s, differences in pension coverage decreased, but remained significant. Thus, in the Arkhangelsk region, the average monthly pension of a collective farmer was 35% of the pension of a worker and employee in 1965, in the Vologda region - 37%, in 1985 - 61 and 64%, respectively, and by the early 1990s - 81 and 83%. The proportion of collective farmers receiving minimum pensions also decreased. If in 1965 90% of old-age pensioners in the RSFSR received minimum pensions, then by the end of the 1970s - mid-1980s their share decreased: in the Vologda region in 1979, 58% of collective farmer pensioners received a minimum old-age pension, in 1984 - 36%."

More in the Interpreter’s Blog about the village:

In the 1890s, in two Russian provinces - Perm and Kherson - an experiment was carried out: the creation of artels from poor peasants using budgetary and charitable money. The experiment was unsuccessful: up to 30% of the horses in the artels died, the peasants did not want to work for the sake of their comrades and make a profit. This once again proved the lack of collectivism among Russian peasants, as well as their focus on subsistence farming.

On October 31, 1918, Lenin signed the “Regulations on Social Security of Workers,” which provided for the appointment of pensions only in case of loss of ability to work. Pensions for years of service later appeared for certain categories of workers. And in 1929, they began to provide old-age pensions, but not for everyone. Millions of Soviet people received the right not to work until they die only many years and decades later.

From the “Regulations on Social Security of Workers”, approved by decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on October 31, 1918.

Art. 8th. Purpose of issuing benefits and pensions

1. The issuance of benefits and pensions is aimed at providing a means of subsistence to persons who have lost their basic income or part of it due to disability or unemployment.

2. Benefits and pensions are not issued to persons who have lost their ability to work, unless these circumstances are accompanied by loss of earnings or part of it, and in the latter case, the earnings and income of the person are deducted from the benefit or pension...

Art. 15th. Under what circumstances are pensions granted?

The pensions specified in this chapter are assigned in cases of complete or partial permanent loss of ability to work, regardless of the reasons that caused the loss of ability to work (illness, injury, old age, occupational disease, etc.).

Art. 16th. Deadlines for assigning pensions

Pensions are assigned from the date of filing the application for disability.

Art. 17th. Duration of pension issuance

Pensions are issued until the day of death of the insured, unless before this period the pensioner’s working capacity is restored to the norm, below which pensions are not issued.

Art. 18th. Pension amount

The size of the monthly pension in case of complete loss of ability to work is established: in the amount of 25 times the daily normal benefit issued in the area where the pensioner lives. In case of partial loss of ability to work, pension amounts are established for persons:

• those who have lost from 15 to 29% of their ability to work in the amount of 1/5 of their full pension;
• those who have lost from 30 to 44% of their ability to work in the amount of 1/2 of their full pension;
• those who have lost from 45 to 60% of their ability to work in the amount of 3/4 of their full pension;
• over 60% of the full pension.

For pensioners who, due to helplessness, require special care, pensions should be increased accordingly.

Note 1. In cases of acute industrial and economic crises throughout the country, the People's Commissariat of Labor is authorized to temporarily cancel the issuance of pensions to persons who have lost their ability to work below 30%.

Note 2. The Department of Social Security and Labor Protection of the People's Commissariat of Labor is authorized to change the groups of people receiving pensions, as well as issue instructions on their application.

From the “Regulations on Scientific Workers of Higher Educational Institutions”, approved by decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on January 21, 1924.

21. Full-time professors and teachers of higher educational institutions who have served as scientific workers for at least twenty-five years or have reached the age of sixty-five, having served for at least ten years, are entitled to receive a lifetime pension in the amount of the salary established for full-time professors and teachers of higher educational institutions , with an automatic increase in pension as tariffs increase. Work as a research fellow is included in the total period of academic service from the moment of enrollment in a research institute or leaving a higher educational institution as a research fellow.

Note 1. In case of loss of ability to work before reaching the age of sixty, scientific workers who have served as a scientific worker for at least fifteen years are entitled to receive a pension in the amount of half the salary, and those who have served for at least twenty years - in the amount of the full salary.

Note 2. Scientific workers who become incapacitated while performing or in connection with the performance of duties receive a pension in the amount of the full salary for their last position, regardless of the length of their scientific activity.

From the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “On pension provision for teachers of 1st level schools in rural and urban areas and other educational workers in the countryside,” January 15, 1925.

Considering the improvement of the financial situation of public teachers and other educators to be one of the main conditions for the development of public education, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decide:

1. Introduce long-service pensions for educators.

As the first measure in this area, subject to further development as the economic position of the USSR strengthens, pensions for educators should be established from January 1, 1925 on the following basis.

2. Teachers of 1st level schools (primary schools) have the right to a pension. "Story") both rural and urban, as well as the following workers of cultural and educational institutions in rural areas: heads of reading rooms, librarians, teachers of lower agricultural schools and teaching staff of orphanages.

3. All mentioned in Art. 2 of this Resolution, employees acquire the right to receive a pension after service (as in the text.- "Story") they have 25 years in the listed positions, regardless of whether their service was in one or more of those named in Art. 2 institutions.

4. When establishing the right to a pension, pre-revolutionary service in positions corresponding to those listed in Art. 2, subject, however, to a condition of at least 5 years in Soviet service as specified in Art. 2 positions. The list of positions in which the time of service is counted towards the length of service required to receive a pension is established by the instructions...

(In 1929, the list of educational workers entitled to long-service pensions was significantly expanded. In the same year, medical and veterinary workers working in rural areas were included in the same category. Later, civil aviation crews and individual categories of artists, writers, composers and other creative workers had separate and changing pension legislation. "Story".)

The law on state pensions, adopted in 1956, equalized the pension rights of all citizens of the USSR, except for collective farmers

Photo: Andrey Novikov / Photo archive of Ogonyok magazine

From the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “On provision of social insurance in old age”, May 15, 1929.

1. Establish pension provision in the form of social insurance for old age.

Introduce this provision from April 15, 1929, for workers in the mining and metal industries (and electrical industries), as well as in railway and water transport, who left wage employment after January 1, 1929, and for workers in the textile industry who left wage employment after January 1, 1929. December 1927

The timing of the extension of old-age benefits to workers in other sectors of the national economy, as well as to employees, is determined by the Union Social Insurance Council under the People's Commissariat of Labor of the USSR in accordance with the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

2. The following have the right to a pension:

a) men who have reached 60 years of age by the day they leave employment, if they have worked for hire for a total of at least 25 years;

b) women who have reached the age of 55 by the day they leave employment, if they have worked as an employee for a total of at least 20 years.

Persons employed in underground work in the mining industry are entitled to a pension if they have reached the age of 50 by the day they leave employment and have worked as an employee for a total of at least 20 years.

The Union Council of Social Insurance under the People's Commissariat of Labor of the USSR is given the right to reduce for persons employed in hazardous industries the age and length of employment established by paragraphs. “a” and “b” of this article.

3. An old-age pension is provided regardless of the state of working ability.

4. The pension is assigned in the amount of half of the pensioner’s previous earnings.

The Federal Social Insurance Council is given the right to set limits above and below which a pension cannot be awarded.

5. If a pensioner has earnings from employment or other income, then the issuance of a pension to him may be suspended or completely terminated, or the size of the pension may be reduced.

6. In return for issuing a pension, insurance funds may place pensioners, with their consent, in disabled institutions, etc....

From the “Regulations on pensions and social insurance benefits”, approved by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on February 13, 1930.

11. The following have the right to an old-age pension:

a) workers of the following industries: mining, metal (including electrical industry), chemical, textile, printing, glass and porcelain, tobacco and shag;

b) workers of railway and water transport.

The extension of old-age benefits to workers in other industries, as well as to employees, is carried out by the Federal Social Insurance Council.

From the “Regulations on benefits for persons working in the Far North of the RSFSR”, approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on May 10, 1932.

15. For employees entitled to receive pensions for long service, a year of work in the Far North is counted as two years for receiving pensions, and employees who have served in the Far North for 10 years continuously are paid a pension in the amount established for 25 years of work.

From the “Approximate Charter of the Agricultural Artel”, approved by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on February 17, 1935.

11. From the crops and livestock products received by the artel, the artel:

a) fulfills its obligations to the state for the supply and return of seed loans, pays in kind to the machine and tractor station for the work of the MTS in accordance with the concluded agreement having the force of law, fulfills contracting agreements;

b) provides seeds for sowing and fodder to feed livestock for the entire annual need, and also, to insure against crop failure and lack of food, creates inviolable, annually renewable seed and feed funds in the amount of 10–15% of the annual need;

c) creates, by decision of the general meeting, funds to help disabled people, old people who have temporarily lost their ability to work, needy families of Red Army soldiers, for the maintenance of nurseries and orphans - all this in an amount not exceeding 2% of gross output.

(This “Model Charter” regulated the activities of collective farms. As archival documents testify, in the 1930–1940s, most of them, after completing state deliveries, did not have any grain left even for the next sowing and payment for the collective farmers’ workdays.- "Story".)

From the resolution of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (AUCCTU) “On improving state social insurance for employees,” July 31, 1937.

1. Extend old-age pensions to employees on the same basis as workers.

This Resolution applies to employees who stopped working after August 1, 1937 or who continue to work.

After the adoption of the law “On benefits and pensions for members of collective farms,” their pensions from collective farms (pictured) became state ones, but the minimum amount of these payments was 2.5 times less than that of workers and employees

In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the right of citizens to material support in old age, in case of loss of ability to work and in case of illness is one of the achievements of the Great October Socialist Revolution and is enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR.

Pension provision is guaranteed by the socialist system created in the USSR, under which the exploitation of man by man, unemployment and uncertainty of workers about the future are forever destroyed. Pension provision in the Soviet state is carried out entirely at the expense of state and public funds.

The successes in the development of the socialist economy achieved by the Soviet people under the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union now make it possible to further improve the matter of pension provision...

Article 1. The following have the right to a state pension:

a) workers and employees;

b) military personnel;

c) students of higher, secondary specialized educational institutions, colleges, schools and personnel training courses;

d) other citizens if they become disabled due to the performance of state or public duties;

e) family members of citizens specified in this article, in case of loss of a breadwinner.

Article 2. State pensions under this Law are assigned:

a) due to old age;

b) due to disability;

c) in case of loss of a breadwinner.

Article 3. Citizens who are simultaneously entitled to different pensions are assigned one pension of their choice...

Article 7 Pensions are not subject to taxes.

Article 8. Workers and employees have the right to an old-age pension:

men - upon reaching 60 years of age and with at least 25 years of work experience;

women - upon reaching 55 years of age and with at least 20 years of work experience.

Article 9. The following are entitled to an old-age pension on preferential terms:

a) workers and employees in underground work, in work with hazardous working conditions and in hot shops - according to the list of industries, shops, professions and positions approved by the Council of Ministers of the USSR:

men - upon reaching 50 years of age and with at least 20 years of work experience;

women - upon reaching 45 years of age and with at least 15 years of work experience;

b) workers and employees in other jobs with difficult working conditions - according to the list of industries, workshops, professions and positions approved by the Council of Ministers of the USSR:

men - upon reaching 55 years of age and with at least 25 years of work experience;

women - upon reaching 50 years of age and with at least 20 years of work experience.

A worker or employee has the right to an old-age pension on preferential terms if at least half of the length of service required to assign him this pension falls on relevant work that gives the right to a pension on preferential terms (regardless of the place of last work).

Article 13...

The minimum old-age pension is set at 300 rubles per month.

The maximum old-age pension is 1,200 rubles per month.

Article 14. The following supplements to old-age pensions are established:

a) for continuous work experience over 15 years or for total work experience - for men who have worked for at least 35 years, and for women who have worked for at least 30 years - 10 percent of the pension...

The Soviet people, under the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, have achieved, especially in the last decade, enormous successes in communist construction, in the development of the country's productive forces, and created a powerful, comprehensively developed economy. This allows the Soviet state to systematically improve the well-being of the people and more fully satisfy their growing needs.

Currently, it is possible to introduce a more sustainable social security system on collective farms by establishing old-age, disability, survivors' pensions and maternity benefits for women members of collective farms.

There should be no egalitarian approach to pension provision for collective farmers. The higher the labor productivity of collective farmers, the more products a collective farm produces and sells to the state per hectare of arable land, the higher its income and the level of contributions to the pension fund, the larger the pensions for collective farmers should be. Those collective farmers who work well and make a greater contribution to social production should be better provided for.

The establishment of a state system of social security for collective farmers will be a new important incentive to further increase the labor activity of the collective farm peasantry and increase the production of agricultural products.

The amounts of pensions provided for by this Law, in the future, as the national income grows, in particular the income of collective farms, will gradually increase to the level of state pensions assigned to workers and employees...

Article 1. Members of collective farms have the right to old-age and disability pensions.

Disabled members of the families of deceased collective farmers, if they were dependent on them, have the right to a survivor's pension...

Article 6. Members of collective farms have the right to an old-age pension:

men - upon reaching 65 years of age and with at least 25 years of work experience;

women - upon reaching 60 years of age and with at least 20 years of work experience.

Article 8. Old-age pensions for collective farm members are assigned in the amount of 50 percent of earnings of 50 rubles per month and, in addition, 25 percent of the rest of earnings.

The minimum old-age pension is set at 12 rubles per month (the minimum pension for other citizens of the USSR at that time was 30 rubles per month.- "Story").

The maximum amount of old-age pension is set at 102 rubles per month, that is, at the level of the maximum amount of old-age pensions provided for by the Law on State Pensions for workers and employees permanently residing in rural areas and associated with agriculture...

From the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR “On further improvement of pension provision” dated September 26, 1967.

Reduce the age that entitles collective farm members to an old-age pension: men from 65 to 60 years, women from 60 to 55 years...

Publication by Evgeny Zhirnov

A conversation in the kitchen with relatives forced me to scour the Internet, since no one even roughly knew the answer to the question in the title.

The story turned out to be interesting.
It turns out that from 1917 to 1928. Nobody received old-age pensions in the USSR. Since 1928, they began to be assigned to workers in some industries. Well, the Soviet government benefited employees only starting in 1937.

Around the same time, collective farmers were obliged to create funds that were supposed to help pensioners monthly - with money, food or workdays. The retirement age and length of service required to receive a pension were set by the members of the agricultural association themselves.

Until 1956, the size of pensions in the USSR was meager. I found information about pensions for participants of the Civil War, Red Army soldiers who became disabled. They were entitled to 25 rubles. - 45 rub. (second disability group) and 65 rubles. (first group). Pensions were also paid to disabled family members of such disabled people (from 15 to 45 rubles).

If we consider that in 1937 the student scholarship was 130 rubles, then people who fought and became disabled were paid mere crumbs.

The maximum pension is 300 rubles. in the early 50s it was no more than 25% of the average salary (1200 rubles). And only under Khrushchev, starting in 1956, pensions began to increase. It would be interesting to know, if anyone knows, what the pensions of your grandmothers, great-grandparents, great-grandfathers were in the 30-60s. 20th century.

Against this background, the pension system of Tsarist Russia looks absolutely beautiful and, dare I say it, humane. By 1914, officials of all classes, clerical workers, officers, customs officers, gendarmes, school teachers, university professors, scientists and engineers of all state-owned factories, doctors, medical staff of all state-owned hospitals, workers of state-owned factories and railways had the right to a long-service pension.

A pension in the amount of full salary was awarded to those who worked in one place for 35 years. Those who worked in one place for at least 25 years received a pension of 50% of their salary. At the same time, there was no age limit when a person could retire in the Russian Empire. People knew that after working for 20 to 30 years, you can count on a pension of up to 2/3 of your salary, and with 10-20 years of experience, up to 1/3 of your salary.

The amount of the pension was not subject to appeal. If a pensioner died, then his family (widow, minor children) continued to receive a pension. The only exceptions were those cases when a man died in a duel - in this case, the widow was deprived of financial support (cruelly, yes).

Pensions were paid only to those who were not found to have done anything wrong. Well, that is, he was not involved, he was not fired under the article. Those who stumbled were deprived of their pension and could submit a petition to the sovereign or try to re-earn their pensionable service in another place through unblemished service.

Pensions were also deprived of those who took monastic vows or left Russia forever.