Studying the features of fingerprints 13 letters. Hand marks

The assistant unconsciously makes a judgment about the person who wrote his own views by perceiving the document and its content. In fact, the statement is a description of the essence of the signatory. In problems, when the result is revealed from an intellectual state, this happens to be critically responsible. It will cost a lot to order a useful form from a law firm. The reason is crucial.

Fingerprinting is a branch of the science of forensic science that studies the structure of the skin patterns of the hands for the purposes of criminal registration, forensic identification, search and identification of criminals. The fingerprinting method was first introduced in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century, then it was developed and improved by many famous specialists , including Russian scientist P.S. Semenovsky. The basis of fingerprinting is the study of the properties of papillary line patterns, which have the following properties: individuality, relative stability, and restoreability.

Fingerprinting of living persons.

Fingerprinting is a special branch of criminology (forensic technology), which allows you to identify a person by the papillary patterns of the fingers. And this scientific method is used everywhere by law enforcement agencies in our country due to its effectiveness and accessibility.

Fingerprinting of living persons is carried out in order to obtain an impression of the palmar surfaces of the hands and fingerprint samples. And in the future, based on the results of fingerprinting, it will be possible to identify the identity of the person being fingerprinted.

The fingerprinting procedure is carried out in accordance with Article 186 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, which states: “The investigator has the right to obtain from the suspected or accused person handwriting samples or other samples necessary for a comparative study, for which he draws up a resolution. The investigator has the right to obtain samples

handwriting or other samples for comparative examination from a witness or

the victim, but only if necessary, check whether the indicated persons left any traces at the scene of the incident or on the material evidence.

If necessary, samples are removed for comparative research with the participation of a specialist. A protocol on the removal of samples for comparative research is drawn up in compliance with Articles 141,142

The procedure for fingerprinting living persons.

1). Before the fingerprinting procedure, you should wash your hands in warm water and wipe them dry;

2). Apply a thin layer of printing ink to a clean glass or sheet of paper (10x15 cm in size), and at the same time, when rolled with your finger, the glass should remain clean;

3). Apply paint to the nail phalanges of the fingers using a roller

using a roller, or directly from the glass;

4). On the fingerprint card form, in the appropriate places, roll the nail phalanges from an uncomfortable position to a comfortable one.

It is also worth noting that the prints must be complete, clear and in strict sequence. In addition, control impressions of the four fingers of each hand and separately the thumbs are applied at the bottom of the fingerprint card. When making control impressions, impressions should be made in such a way that the papillary patterns of the middle and main phalanges of the fingers are displayed. And on the reverse side of the fingerprint card form, impressions of the palmar surfaces of the hands are made.

The fingerprint card form indicates the face of the person being fingerprinted (his full name), date and place of birth, and time of fingerprinting. The person who performed the fingerprinting is also indicated.

For an automatic fingerprint system, the criminal tendencies of the person being fingerprinted are additionally indicated, if such features are present. If the person being fingerprinted has previously been convicted, then the relevant articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are indicated on the fingerprint form.

At the end of fingerprinting, the paint is washed off from hands and glass using a swab moistened with solvent, turpentine, soap or powder.

It is worth noting that fingerprinting of minors requires the sanction of a prosecutor or an appropriate court decision.

Secret (hidden) fingerprinting carried out with

for the purpose of preventing and solving crimes, as well as searching for criminals, is regulated by the relevant regulatory orders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

Secret fingerprinting is carried out by employees of operational services, and they, in turn, are required to draw up an appropriate certificate, and permission for the fingerprinting procedure is given by the heads of departments, departments, heads of the police department and others. Before carrying out ND (secret fingerprinting), a plan is drawn up, which should indicate the following:

1). Fingerprinting method and method;

2). Persons who may be involved in this event;

3). Measures to ensure secrecy;

4). Organizational and technical support measures.

fingerprinting

(from gr. daktylos - finger) is a branch of forensics that studies the structure of skin patterns of the internal (palm) surfaces of the nail phalanges of the fingers (papillary lines) for the identification of persons by taking fingerprints, their classification and comparison with the data of dactyloscopic cards stored in special file cabinets.

(from the gr. daktylos - finger + scopeo - look, examine, observe; English dactyloscopy) - a branch of forensic science that aims to study papillary patterns. D. makes it possible to distinguish people based on the patterns of their papillary lines, which, unlike other areas of the skin of the body, are found on the palms, soles, fingers and toes. D. is based on scientifically recognized facts: each person has only his own individual pattern of papillary lines, which are stable anatomical features. The principle of immutability comes from the genetically determined fact that already in the 5th month after conception the papillary lines are fully formed. They do not change until the body decomposes after death. The growth of the organism only leads to a change in their proportions. Injuries that do not reach the germinal layer of the epidermis cause only temporary effects on the papillary lines. Papillary line patterns have been found in rock art dating back to prehistoric times.

D. has replaced anthropometry as a means of identifying criminals. Eg. in Germany it was introduced already in 1903. The last European country to introduce D. was Bulgaria in 1925. In forensic science, fingerprinting is used as an auxiliary means of identifying individuals by taking fingerprints, classifying them, and comparing them with data from fingerprint files. By comparing fingerprints found at the scene with prints in file records, the person who left the fingerprint can be identified.

There are 5 main types of patterns, and the frequency of their occurrence is determined. In Germany, the accepted fingerprint classification systems are divided depending on the purpose pursued. To identify faces based on a 10-finger fingerprint card (decadactyloscopy), papillary line patterns are first divided into 5 main types, then into 3 main classes and 3 subclasses based on the direction of papillary lines and their number between certain boundary points and other characteristics. From an assessment of the individual characteristics of the papillary line patterns of all 10 fingerprints, an alphanumeric formula is derived, which makes it possible to compare, identify and register a 10-finger fingerprint card in a file cabinet containing more than 2 million fingerprint cards. To identify a person using a fingerprint card, on average, it is necessary to visually compare approximately 250 fingerprint cards.

Another classification system for identifying traces (monodactyloscopy) is based on the study of an individual fingerprint, because At the crime scene, as a rule, only traces of individual fingers are recorded. An individual fingerprint is assessed based on the direction and number of papillary lines and pattern features. Depending on the size of the card file, cards are selected using a certain number of classification characteristics, which makes manual comparison possible. If there are 250 thousand fingerprints in the file cabinet, within the framework of the adopted system it is necessary to compare 10-50 fingerprints (provided they are of good quality). As a rule, to solve a specific crime, it is often necessary to compare hundreds and thousands of prints with each other (see Forensic Dictionary. - M. 1993).

Large legal dictionary. Akademik.ru. 2010.

Fingerprint examination

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Course work

In the discipline "Forensic Science"

On the topic “Fingerprint examination”

Introduction 3

1. The concept and significance of fingerprinting in the detection and investigation of crimes. 6

2. Papillary patterns: types and types, structural features. 9

3. Means and methods for detecting, recording and removing fingerprints. 14

Conclusion 23

Bibliography: 25

Introduction

When any crime is committed, various traces remain at the scene. In criminology, the concept of “trace” means all kinds of changes in the environment or appearance of objects that arise as a result of the actions of the criminal. This could be the consequences of a fire, explosion, or burglary, the appearance or disappearance of furnishings, blood stains, human body secretions, etc.

Traces in a special meaning are materially fixed displays of signs of the external structure of some objects on others. For example, such traces are fingerprints, shoe soles, etc.

Image traces are used in the process of investigating a wide variety of crimes (murders, thefts, etc.) and are often one of the important means of successfully solving crimes.

In addition, the study of traces makes it possible to identify conditions conducive to the commission of certain crimes, and on this basis to develop technical and organizational measures to protect objects from criminal attacks.

The study of types of traces, means and methods of detection, recording, seizure and research of them in order to solve and prevent crimes is carried out by a special branch of forensic technology - traceology (the study of traces).

Fingerprinting is the oldest of all examinations available today. Her venerable age has long passed the hundred-year mark. But, despite this, the basic principles of removing “fingers” from a crime scene remain the same.

A hundred years ago, the first criminal was found using fingerprints. In October 1902, the Frenchman Alphonse Bertillon arrived at the apartment of his servant, who had been strangled by an unknown assailant. He came up with the idea of ​​taking fingerprints that were preserved on the shards of broken glass. New technology helped identify the culprit.

Fingerprinting is a branch of traceology that studies the structure and properties of papillary patterns for personal identification in the process of solving crimes.

Fingerprinting is of great importance in forensic science for searching and recording persons who committed a crime.

Nowadays fingerprints are used not only to find criminals. Thus, electronic reading devices have been created that scan fingers when accessing confidential information. Such mini-devices make it possible to protect information stored in the memory of personal computers from unauthorized persons better than any password: the texture of the fingers can be destroyed, but cannot be faked.

In recent years, voluntary fingerprinting has been used. Those interested can add their fingerprints to medical records and identification cards. In an emergency, this should help identify the person. In our country, only a few thousand people have so far taken advantage of the opportunity to undergo such a procedure: perhaps fingerprinting, like any communication with law enforcement agencies, causes negative associations among Russians. In addition, when undergoing fingerprinting, people unwittingly acknowledge the possibility that their bodies will sooner or later have to be identified.

So, fingerprinting, a branch of criminology that studies the structure of the skin patterns of the hands for the purpose of personal identification, criminal registration and search for criminals. On the palmar surface of the nail phalanges of the fingers there are relief lines (the so-called papillary), which form complex patterns, strictly individual, stable (preserved throughout life and after death), restored to their original form when the skin is superficially damaged. Fingerprints are used to identify the criminal, identify unidentified corpses, etc.

The purpose of this work is to reveal the concept and meaning of fingerprinting as a science about the study of handprints.

The main objectives of further research are:

1) Define the concept of fingerprinting and characterize it;

2) Reveal the types and types of papillary patterns;

3) Identify means and methods for detecting fingerprints

1. The concept and significance of fingerprinting in the detection and investigation of crimes

The branch of traceology that studies handprints is traditionally called dactyloscopy (from the Greek daktilos finger, skopeo examination). Fingerprinting is a branch of forensic technology that studies the structure of skin patterns on human fingers in order to use their traces for the purpose of identifying, registering and searching for criminals. It also includes palmoscopy and plantoscopy, which study the patterns of the palms of the hands and feet of a person. In recent years, forensic dermatoglyphics has begun to take shape, in which fingerprinting has become one of the main parts.

Fingerprinting is a method of identifying a person by fingerprints (including fingerprints), based on the uniqueness of the skin pattern. Widely used in forensics.

Fingerprinting, as a scientific method of identifying a criminal by the papillary patterns of the fingers, occupies a significant place in the practice of law enforcement agencies of our country. Forensics: Textbook. for universities/I.F. Gerasimov, Ya.L. Drap-K 82 kin, E.P. Ishchenko and others; Ed. I.F. Gerasimova, L.Ya. Drap-kina -- 2nd ed. reworked and additional - M. Higher. school 2000.-- P. 212 - 225.

It is known that the relief of the skin is not the same. On the palms (toes), in addition to roller-like projections called papillary lines and separated by grooves, there are flexor (flexion) lines, wrinkles and folds (white lines), as well as pores. The most noticeable elements of the relief are flexor lines. White lines (wrinkles) appear due to loss of elasticity and dryness of the skin, as well as age-related changes. These lines usually play a supporting role in identification. The most significant are papillary lines and pores, which have different shapes and are located at different distances from one another and from the edges of the papillary lines. These lines on the palms and nail phalanges of the fingers have a rather complex and varied structure.

The human skin consists of two main layers: the outer layer (epidermis) and the skin itself (dermis). The skin or dermis itself has two layers: reticular and papillary. The last of them has the form of elevations, the height of which varies in different areas of the skin of the body. On some parts of the body they do not protrude onto the surface of the skin (smooth skin), while on others they form linear elevations in the form of ridges (papillary lines), the distance between which is from 0.4 to 1.2 mm. Such lines cover the palms and soles of a person’s legs, on which papillary patterns are formed.

The structure of the papillary pattern of the human hand. Papillary pattern zones:

- 1-5 - nail phalanges of the fingers;

- 6-9 - middle phalanges of fingers;

- 10-14 - main phalanges of the fingers;

- thenar No. 1 - a hill on the palmar surface of the hand near the thumb;

- thenar No. 2-No. 4 - subdigital areas of the palmar surface of the hand;

- hypothenar - the area on the side of the rib of the palm.

On the nail phalanges of the fingers, traces of which are most often found in expert practice, the following zones of the papillary pattern are distinguished:

- central;

- upper (distal);

- lower (basic);

- right or left (right lateral or left lateral).

For forensic purposes, the pores also located on the palmar surface are of great importance. Currently, forensic experts are developing methods for conducting examinations involving the use of micro-features such as pores on the surface of human skin. This is confirmed by the case of the murder of two MPEI students who were killed by a piece of iron pipe, on which a fragment of the criminal’s fingerprint was found, in which the general and specific signs of the papillary pattern were poorly reflected, but the pores were clearly visible at high magnification. As a result, experts, by comparing the locations of pores on the trace and the sample provided for comparative research, identified the person who committed such a cruel and daring crime V.M. Korshunov. Traces at the scene. M. 2001 - pp. 110 - 115.

The skin of the finger may also contain scars of various shapes and sizes from cuts, burns and other injuries, which in turn can also act as private signs.

Properties of papillary patterns located on the nail phalanges of human fingers. The papillary pattern, as a complex of papillary lines, has, in contrast to single papillary lines, a number of properties inherent only to it, as a complex of these lines.

The forensic significance of fingerprints is determined not so much by the shape of the papillary patterns as by their properties. By studying a wealth of practical material and conducting experimental studies, it was possible to establish a number of important properties of papillary patterns:

The main properties of papillary hand patterns from the point of view of identification are individuality, relative immutability, and restoreability.

Individuality lies in the fact that not only different faces, but also different fingers (palm surfaces) of the same face have different papillary patterns.

Relative immutability (stability) - lies in the fact that throughout life, as a rule, the structure of the papillary pattern remains unchanged, only its size increases.

Restorability - if areas of the skin with papillary patterns are damaged, they can restore their original appearance if the papillary layer is not damaged.

The above properties of papillary patterns have made it possible to successfully use handprints in the investigation and detection of crimes. Forensics Yablokov N.P., 2003 © ZAO LexEst, 2003- P. 200 - 206.

2. Papillary patterns: types and types, structural features

Human skin consists of two layers: epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is the outer layer, the dermis is the deep layer of the skin. The dermal layer of skin smoothly passes into a layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue located deeper than the dermis. The total thickness of the skin on the palmar surfaces of the hands can reach 4-5 mm.

The skin of the palmar surface of human hands has a complex pattern, which basically repeats the relative position of the smallest papillaries, which are found in large numbers inside the epidermis. On the outer surface of the skin, thanks to the papillaries, you can see many papillary lines, curving in streams in different directions.

Papillary lines are located at some distance from each other and are separated by grooves - depressions 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide. The presence of grooves makes it possible to see the pattern formed by the rollers. Grooves, with rare exceptions, are not found in the track.

Properties of papillary patterns:

- individuality;

- relative immutability (unrepeatability);

- recoverability.

The individuality of papillary patterns makes it possible to identify the person who left them using traces and prints. The system of characteristics that determines the individuality of the papillary pattern is expressed extremely clearly in humans. Another feature of the individuality of a pattern is the significant amount of information it contains.

Speaking about the relative immutability of papillary patterns, it should be borne in mind that this concept presupposes, on the one hand, a certain stability of the object, and on the other, it shows that it is subject to some changes. Because of this, it is necessary to highlight the concept of the pattern’s own stability and the pattern’s resistance to deformation at the moment of mark formation.

The intrinsic stability of the papillary pattern refers to the immutability of its structure over time. The papillary pattern remains virtually unchanged throughout a person's life. Having formed in the 2-4th month of intrauterine life and ending by the 6th month, the papillary pattern only grows for the first 18-20 years, increasing in the absolute size of the fingers and, accordingly, in the size of the papillary lines present on them. At the same time, all the smallest details of the pattern, their relative position and quantity remain unchanged. As a person ages, the papillary lines smooth out somewhat and wrinkles appear on the skin, but this does not change the basic pattern of the pattern.

Speaking about resistance to deformation at the time of marking, the following should be noted. Located on a fairly elastic surface of the skin, the pattern undergoes deformation during the process of mark formation: depending on the direction and magnitude of the force, it stretches in some areas and contracts in others. Usually these distortions concern the details of the structure of the pattern, but in rare cases there are distortions in the general appearance of the papillary pattern. As practice shows, deformation of the pattern does not lead to a significant distortion of all features without exception, and there always remains a sufficient complex of slightly changed or not changed features at all, which allows the expert to draw the right conclusions.

Recoverability is a biological property of the body, which consists in the ability of destroyed tissues to self-heal. The palmar surface of the hands is constantly subjected to friction, as a result of which the top layer of skin is constantly being erased, but despite this, the skin is restored. Restoration of the papillary pattern also occurs when the upper layer of the skin is damaged, and only a violation of the integrity of the lower layers of the skin leads to damage to the pattern, to the appearance of scars and cicatrices, which, covering only part of the surface of the skin, do not interfere with identification. Papillary patterns cannot be destroyed or changed without seriously damaging the skin. Forensics / ed. Doctor of Law, Professor N.P. Yablokov. Moscow Lawyer 2001. - P. 303 - 309.

Depending on the structure of the central pattern, papillary patterns of fingers are divided into three types: arc, loop, and whorl.

In arc patterns, the papillary lines of the central flow begin on one side, rise from the middle part and end on the other side of the finger. In most cases, the delta in the arc pattern cannot be identified.

Each type of pattern is divided into types.

Arc patterns: simple, pyramidal, tent-shaped, herringbone and patterns with an indefinite structure of the central part.

Loop patterns into: simple, half, closed, curved, parallel and double.

Scroll patterns: simple, spiral loops, spirals, snail loops, ball loops. incomplete scroll patterns.

False: false-loop arc; false - helical arc; rare, related to arc ones. False: false - helical loop, rarely found, related to loops. False: rare, related to whorl.

Abnormal: According to the ten-finger fingerprint classification, abnormal papillary patterns are equated to arcuate patterns.

The most complex is the curl pattern, and the simplest is the arc pattern.

This classification of papillary patterns makes it possible to identify a person by them. Identification problems are solved by comparing a set of features, fingerprints identified during an inspection of the crime scene and control prints obtained from the suspect or accused.

In accordance with the classification accepted in forensic science, in each papillary pattern it is possible to identify general and specific signs of its external structure. General features characterize the pattern or its individual relatively large element as a whole, and specific features relate to smaller details of the pattern structure.

General features of the structure of the papillary pattern include:

a) type and type of papillary pattern;

b) the structure of the central part of the pattern;

c) position of part of the pattern;

d) structure and position of deltas;

e) the steepness of arcuate lines;

f) width and frequency of papillary lines.

Special features include:

a) details of the papillary pattern (beginning and ending of papillary lines, merging and branching of papillary lines, interpapillary lines, short papillary lines and dots);

b) combinations of details of the papillary pattern (the details listed above can be found in the pattern not only separately, but also in groups, forming certain combinations, sometimes complex and unusual, in a small area or even a segment of one papillary line);

c) details of papillary lines (these are features inherent in the papillary lines themselves in the form of breaks, bends, kinks, thickenings, thickenings, configurations of edges, as well as locations and features of pores) Ishchenko E.P. Toporkov A.A. Forensics: Textbook. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional / Ed. Doctor of Law, Professor E.P. Ishchenko. M. "Infra-M", 2005. - P. 414 - 420.

Fingerprints are currently classified on various grounds, depending on the conditions in which the fingerprints are formed.

Fingerprints, depending on the conditions in which a person finds himself when committing a crime, can be voluminous or superficial. Volumetric ones are formed from the touch of the hand to a plastic trace-receiving surface (plasticine, oil, etc.), and superficial ones arise on hard surfaces.

Visible marks-layers are formed due to the presence of a layer of coloring matter (blood, paint, etc.) on the surface of the hands.

Invisible traces-layers arise due to sweat and fat secretions from the skin on hard surfaces that do not absorb trace substances well, such as glass, porcelain, metal, plastic, etc.

Peel marks occur when your hand touches a surface covered, for example, with a thin layer of dust.

Scientific researchers have long been attempting to learn how to determine a person’s character and other characteristics from fingerprints. In this matter, one might say, Russian scientists have succeeded. Based on the pattern of papillary lines, they were able to identify the gender and height of a person.

Such discoveries should benefit criminologists. Perhaps, using the fingerprints found at the crime scene, it will be possible to draw up a psychological portrait of the criminal A.I. Bastrykin. Forensic examination of handprints. St. Petersburg, 2002 - pp. 132 - 142.

3. Means and methods for detecting, recording and removing fingerprints

fingerprint papillary pattern trace finger

Traces of a person can be found during inspection of the crime scene, search, examination and during other investigative actions. When examining the scene of an incident in order to detect traces, it is necessary to use not only technical means developed and recommended by forensic science, but also to comply with the procedural rules governing this activity. In order to be included in the case as material evidence, traces discovered and studied during the inspection are subject to recording and seizure.

The main work of an investigator with handprints consists of three stages: detection, recording, removal.

In accordance with the general classification of traces, the following are distinguished in relation to hand traces: a) volumetric traces; b) surface traces, divided into: visible, barely visible, invisible.

Depending on the type of fingerprints, there are different ways to detect them.

Volumetric marks are formed when pressing with a finger on any substance that has plastic properties (putty, plasticine, sealing wax, etc.). Detection of volumetric traces does not require the use of special techniques, only attentiveness is required.

Most often during the investigation of crimes one encounters superficial traces - layers.

Visible marks are marks - layers that remain on the surface as a result of touching with fingers painted with some kind of dye (for example, blood). Detection of colored traces does not require the use of special devices. In some cases, it is necessary to use a magnifying glass in order to distinguish between smears and traces that reflect the structure of papillary lines.

Low-visibility marks are superficial marks formed by particles of sweat and oil that have separated from the hand. Traces of sweat and fat are formed when fingers touch smooth, polished surfaces of various objects (glass, metal, plastic, wood).

Sweat marks from fingers are detected using special inspection techniques. An object with a smooth surface, which, according to the investigator’s assumption, may contain fingerprints, must be examined under oblique lighting, i.e., under light incident at an angle of 30-45° relative to the object, its plane. The inspection should be carried out with rubber gloves; small objects should be grasped by the edges and ribbed parts so as not to damage the traces and not leave their marks.

Traces of sweat and fat may be invisible. Such traces are formed on paper, cardboard, etc. The investigator can assume the presence of such traces. Invisible traces can be detected by several methods: a) pollination with various powders (usually contrasting in color with the background of the object); b) fumigation with iodine vapor using an iodine tube located in the investigation suitcase; c) the use of chemicals (ninhydrin, aloxan) in cases where traces on paper are of a certain age Kostrov A.I. Fingerprints as an object of criminological research. Minsk, 2002 - pp. 214 - 236.

Recording fingerprints. Methods of recording traces are associated with the risk of damage to traces. Therefore, the general rule for recording fingerprints is their removal along with the object on which they were found. If this is not possible, then the most optimal method of recording is photography. In relation to fingerprints, large-scale photography is used, which involves the use of special tables and extension rings that make it possible to record a fingerprint in full size.

There are procedural and technical methods of fixation.

The first consists of describing in the protocol an investigative action (for example, an inspection of the scene of an incident), the second is the use of technical means and techniques for the purpose of preserving objects and traces on them in the form in which they were found, or for the purpose of obtaining various copies of traces.

Searching for fingerprints includes the following.

1) inspection and analysis of the situation at the scene of the incident, search for surfaces that the criminal could have touched, as well as directions of movement, stopping places, study of the traces found.

2) identification of specific objects on which traces could remain and which the criminal could touch or pick up (for example, a change in the original or usual position of the object gives reason to assume the presence of traces on these objects).

3) inspection of objects on which there are supposed to be traces. It is aimed at studying the material from which the object is made and the properties of the trace-receiving surface.

Volumetric traces are recorded by making plaster casts.

Surface traces - layers are recorded by copying them onto trace films (black and white), selected in contrast to the pollinator used Ishchenko E.P. Obraztsov V.A. Forensics. Textbook for universities. - M. 2005 - pp. 87 - 93.

Ways to detect handprints:

1.Optical (visual) - for volumetric, colored or low-visibility traces. This method is based on enhancing contrast by creating favorable lighting and observation conditions. These include:

- illumination of a surface from a certain angle or inspection of a given surface from different angles;

- viewing transparent objects against light;

- inspection of the surface using a laser, UV ray sources, and using light filters.

This method is simple, publicly available and is used when using other methods for identifying handprints.

2. Physical methods - based on the adhesive (sticking) or adsorption (implementation) properties of a trace-forming substance, a trace-receiving surface, or a material used to identify it. These include:

a) the method using fingerprint powders is the most common in expert practice.

b) using iodine vapor with fixation with reduced iron powder. (recently it has been used extremely rarely in expert practice).

c) thermal vacuum spraying method - based on the spraying of heavy metals (tungsten, molybdenum) in a vacuum. This colors the background.

d) a method based on the use of radioactive isotopes consists in treating the surfaces of objects with radioactive materials.

e) by sooting a flame - used to identify hand marks on polished metal surfaces. Its essence is as follows: when individual objects are burned (for example, casts made using “K” paste, polystyrene foam), soot will be released in abundance, which is a fine powder, which is used to identify handprints.

f) using liquid dyes, such as ink solutions.

3. Chemical methods - based on the chemical interaction of specially prepared solutions with elements of the sweat-fat substance. These methods are used to detect handprints on paper, cardboard, wood of various ages (in some cases up to several years) and are most often used in laboratory conditions.

a) identifying hand prints using a solution of silver nitrate in distilled water.

b) detection of handprints using a solution of ninhydrin or alloxan in acetone.

c) identifying blood traces of hands - for this, a solution of benzidine in alcohol and hydrogen peroxide is used (5 parts of a 1% solution of benzidine in alcohol and 1 part of three percent hydrogen peroxide. Blood traces treated with this solution are painted blue-green. The color is stable and additional does not require fastening Korshunov V.M. Traces at the scene of the incident. M. 2001 - pp. 60 - 71.

Traces found at the scene of the incident can be recorded:

By describing them in the protocol for weapons of mass destruction, photographing them, directly attaching them to the object and copying them. When describing traces in the protocol for weapons of mass destruction, the following must be indicated:

- the object on which traces were found, its location, description (distinctive features), the nature and color of the surface of the object,

- the method of identifying traces, their type, quantity, shape, size, location on the object and relative position;

- techniques and means used by a specialist to identify traces.

Rules for photographing handprints at the scene of an incident:

1. Photographs are taken of the place where the traces were found (the object on which they were found) and their relative position, if there are several traces.

2. Photographing is carried out according to the rules of large-scale f/s with the maximum possible use of the camera frame area.

3. Additional lighting sources are positioned in such a way as to achieve the highest possible clarity of the image on the ground glass of the camera.

4. When photographing traces on colorless transparent surfaces, the light sources are located both below and above so that the rays do not fall into the camera lens. Photographing is done against a dark background.

5. When photographing marks on painted surfaces, filters can be used to increase the contrast of the image. In order to remove the background color, you need to install a light filter of the same color on the camera lens, and to enhance the image of the trace itself, you need to install a light filter of the opposite color according to the following scheme.

Alena Mayer

When I took my exams (for an assistant teacher in Germany) I needed to spend some time with the children finger game. I don't speak German well, but I had problems remembering poems (I don’t really like teaching them Russian either) so I found the simplest one. Easy to remember and very interesting in my opinion. I made several versions of gloves for the game. This is what this one sounds like a game in German may be useful to someone.

Das ist der Daumen, der sagt: “Ich bin wei wie Schnee!” (This is the thumb and it says - I'm white as snow)

Das ist der Zeigefinger, der sagt: "Ich bin grn wie Klee!" (This is the index finger and it says - I'm green as clover)

Das ist der Mittelfinger, der sagt: "Ich kann blau wie der Himmel sein!" (It's the middle finger and it says - I can be as blue as the sky)

Das ist der Ringfinger der sagt: "Ich bin gelb wie der Sonnenschein!" (This is the ring finger and it says - I am yellow as the circle of the sun)

Das ist der kleine Finger, der sagt: "Ich bin rot wie Mama"s Mund!" (This is a small finger and he says, I’m red like my mother’s lips)

Alle Finger sagen: "Wir sind kunterbunt!" (And that's all fingers together they say - We are all colorful)

I really wanted to spend it with my children finger game in Russian using these gloves. I didn't find anything on the Internet. We don't have a lot of books for teachers in Russian here. You can, of course, order it by mail, but you can’t look at the contents of the book until you order it, and then you can’t send it back. Maybe you have one like this a game. I will be very grateful

She showed me all the options during the exam. German teachers were stunned by such material. And the fact that I did it myself is also highly valued by them. Of course I got the best rating.

Were at the exam finger pads and then I decided to sew them onto the glove without fingers. Children also immediately learn to put on gloves.

Publications on the topic:

“Carnival of Flowers” ​​is an educational game for the preparatory group. Goal: to expand and deepen children’s knowledge of the plant world, develop creativity and interest in living nature. Conducted as

Variants of didactic games for the development of finger movements. I use it when working with children with disabilities. If you offer it in a mass kindergarten group.

A game for developing fine motor skills of the fingers “Who will reach the middle first” Game: “Who will reach the middle first.” Goal: development of fine motor skills of the fingers. Equipment: Take two short round sticks.

A game for developing fine motor skills of the fingers “Faspers”. This game brings children a lot of joy, pleasure, as well as self-service skills (unbuttoning and fastening buttons. Teach children.

FAVORITE SAINT PETERSBURG. HISTORY OF THE CITY NAME. Slide 2. Guys, help the little lion Petrusha solve the riddles: It was given to you, but people use it?

Finger game for preschool children “Castle” A very interesting and useful game for children "Castle". I do this finger game with my children several times a day. The children are willing to do it. Mine.

Finger game “I’ll tell you about the cat” The teacher reads the verse: Place your palm, Children stretch their hand forward, palm up. I'll tell you about the cat. Stroke the palm with the other hand.

Here are some wonderful rhymes we found for you to learn the names of fingers with your children. Children usually have a very good memory. In the process of learning about the world, memory is very necessary in order to retain everything and not miss anything. Children remember only what is meaningful to them, what caused emotions, or what is presented in images. Thus, to learn the names of fingers with your child, simply naming them will not be enough. The child, even if he remembers them, will not be for long. But if you imagine that each finger is a boy who is doing something, rushing somewhere, wanting something, then remembering their names will be much easier! We offer you some simply wonderful poems about our fingers! We are sure that not only your children or grandchildren will like them, but you too!

I counted on my fingers
And she laughed terribly:
Are these fingers?
They're just boys!

Here's a BIG - big weirdo!
Likes to brag just like that.
How are you? - ask him.
He will jump up and shout: - Wow!

INDEX will beckon,
Will threaten, show the way,
And then it gets stuck in your nose:
You need to rest somewhere!

MIDDLE finger - angry boy.
Click on the forehead - immediately a bump,
Click on the ball - the ball will burst,
Pop - and the mosquito faints.

UNNAMED until dark
Selects names:
Thumb Boy? Fantômas?
Everything has happened a thousand times!
The sun has set, it's time to sleep,
I’d better choose in the morning...

And LITTLE FINGER is my favorite!
I'll take him to the menagerie,
I'll buy him a popsicle -
I love very little ones...

Thick and big finger
I went to the forest to pick plums.
Index from the doorway
Showed him the way.
The middle finger is the most accurate
he removes plums from a branch.
The nameless one ate
And the little finger is gentleman
He threw bones into the ground.

Come on, brother Fedya!
Let's go wake up the neighbors!
Hello Bolshak!
Hello, Pointer!
Hello, Seredka!
Hello, Orphan!
And you, Mitroshka,
Albeit a little small.

The irreplaceable first finger
Holds spoon and glass.
He's the only one out of five
And it's called big!

Our second finger
The index name is:
Then they will point to the ball,
Then they press the button!

Third on the left, third on the right,
The longest finger is the middle one!
Possible with your thumb
Learn to click it!

The fourth finger is the ring finger:
For newlyweds - the most important.
They don't call him anything -
But they crown with rings!

The fifth finger is our favorite
And his name is little finger:
He will reconcile and make friends with everyone,
It will serve you and me well!

This finger is the biggest
The most cheerful and the funniest.
This finger is the index finger,
He is serious and attentive.
This finger is the middle one,
He is not the first and not the last.
This finger is the ring finger,
He doesn't like semolina porridge.
The smallest one is the little finger,
Loves to run to the store.

* * *
For girls and boys
There are five fingers on the hand:
Thumb - a guy with a soul,
Index finger - Mr. Influential,
The middle finger is also not the last.
The ring finger walks arrogantly with a ring,
The fifth - little finger, brought you a gift.

Little pinky
crying, crying, crying,
Nameless won't understand
What does all of this mean,
Middle finger -
very important,
doesn't want to listen.
The index asked:
“Would you like to eat?”
And the big one runs to the kitchen,
carries a spoon of porridge,
says: “No need to cry,
come on, eat a little!”

Forensic significance of handprints

In terms of their forensic significance, human fingerprints occupy first place in the group of traces-images, which is explained not only by the frequency of their detection at the scene of an incident, but also by the fact that with their help it is possible to find and expose a criminal in a shorter way. This possibility is due to the structure of the skin on the fingers and the special properties of the papillary patterns present on the terminal phalanges of the fingers.

Traces of fingers, parts of the palm or the entire hand discovered during the inspection of the crime scene, depending on their completeness and clarity, make it possible to:

• identify a person by displaying papillary lines;
• limit the circle of suspects if there is an obvious discrepancy in the general structure of the papillary pattern of the hands of persons who were previously present at the scene of the incident or touched objects on which traces were found, and highlight the trace left by the criminal;
• establish the characteristics of the hand that left the mark (absence of fingers, deformity of the hand, presence of scars and other damage to the surface of the hand);
• approximately determine the age of the person who left the mark;
• approximately determine the gender and height of a person by the size of the parts of the hand;
• based on an analysis of the location of hand marks, including those that do not contain a clear display of papillary lines, to determine some elements of the mechanism of the crime (how the criminal touched any objects, how he held a weapon, etc.).

General information about the structure of the palmar surface of the hand

The scientific basis for identifying a person based on handprints is directly related to the anatomical features of the structure of the human skin.

The human skin consists of three main layers: upper - epidermis (from Greek epi - above, on top; derma - leather); dermis (the skin itself) and subcutaneous fatty tissue (Fig. 1). Epidermis of the skin the outside is a layer of dead, keratinized cells, which are constantly exfoliated in the form of scales, separated and replaced with new ones. The epidermis provides elasticity, firmness and rapid restoration of the surface layer of the skin when damaged. Skin dermis has two layers: reticular and papillary. The first consists of dense tissue, the second layer is made up of elevations (papillae) or papillae (from the Latin papilla - nipple). The papillae are arranged in pairs in the form of linear rows, interspersed with grooves deeper than the interpapillary grooves. The epidermis accurately copies the relief of the papillary layer of the dermis, forming lines in the form of roller-like protrusions separated by grooves (papillary lines). The papillary lines are separated from one another by grooves (indentations). Arranged in the form of streams, papillary lines and grooves form patterns of various shapes and complexity, called papillary patterns.

Rice. 1. The structure of human skin

On the crests of the papillary lines between the papillae there are funnel-shaped ducts of the sweat glands - pores. On a papillary line about one centimeter long there are from 9 to 18 pores. The sweat-fat substance, which penetrates through the pores onto the surface of the skin, when in contact with various surfaces (trace-receiving) forms sweat-fat traces of papillary patterns.

Papillary hand patterns have a number of properties that allow them to be successfully used to solve identification problems in the process of solving and investigating crimes. The main ones include such properties as individuality, relative immutability and restoreability, the ability to imprint on objects, the ability to classify papillary patterns, which make it possible to identify a specific person by the traces of his hands. The presence of these properties is explained by the fact that, having finally formed in a three-month embryo, papillary patterns do not change, as a rule, until the person’s death. Only some diseases (tertiary syphilis, scleroderma, etc.), as well as severe burns and cuts (depending on the depth of damage) can lead to irreversible changes or destruction of papillary patterns. However, the resulting scars and scars, which are damage to the skin in the form of protrusions and depressions of various depths and configurations, in turn are individualizing features that are used to identify a person.

In the practice of crime investigation, there have been cases when criminals tried to surgically remove papillary patterns from part of the skin of the nail phalanges of the fingers, but the papillary patterns, as a rule, were restored. When a deeper layer of skin is removed, these patterns may not be restored, but their absence will be a sign that, together with other facts and circumstances, can help in identifying the criminal.

Individuality determines the uniqueness of the handprints of a particular person. Even among identical twins, the set of details in the structure of skin patterns is never repeated. Over the past hundred years, not a single case of coincidence of skin patterns in different people has been identified in world practice. Moreover, the small features of papillary patterns together create combinations - a macrostructure that is unique even on different fingers of the same person. Therefore, when identifying, criminologists actively use not only the macrostructure of the papillary pattern, but also the microstructure, expressed in the structural features of papillary lines (edgeoscopy) and pores (poroscopy).

Another property of the skin of the fingers and palms of the hands is the ability to imprint on those objects touched by human hands. Moreover, the formation of prints occurs regardless of the desire and will of a person, which is due to the physiological properties of the skin - the fact that the surface of the skin is always covered with sweat and fat. When they touch an object, they form imprints on it that copy papillary patterns.

In addition to morphological information due to the structural features of the skin of the palmar surface, human handprints display equally important information about the person who left the trace, the material carrier of which is the sweat-fat substance.

Types and types of papillary patterns

Most often in investigative practice, handprints are found in the form of traces of various areas of the skin relief of the fingers and palms of the hands. In traceology, a special branch of criminology, called fingerprinting(from Greek daktylos - finger and skopeo - I look), which literally means “finger looking.”

In fingerprinting, there is a separate section that studies the traces of human palms, called palmoscopy(from lat. palma - palm and Greek skopeo - I'm watching).

The ability to classify papillary patterns has served as the basis for theoretical and practical developments that have been successfully used in the fight against crime.

Most papillary patterns on the nail phalanges of the fingers consist of three streams of lines. One is in the central part of the pattern and forms the inner pattern (center). The other two streams are upper(external) and lower(basic) - go around the internal pattern from above and below (Fig. 2). The section of the pattern where these flows come together resembles the letter "delta" from the Greek alphabet, as a result of which this section of the pattern received the name delta. Depending on the number of flows of papillary lines, the shape of the internal pattern according to the classification system adopted in Russia papillary patterns of fingers are divided into three types: arc, loop and whorl with an additional division of each type into types in accordance with the structural features of the pattern.

Rice. 2. Structure of the papillary pattern: 1 - basic flow; 2 - external flow; 3 - internal (central) flow; 4 - delta

Arc patterns the simplest in structure and frequency of occurrence are approximately 5%. They consist of no more than two streams of papillary lines, which originate at one lateral edge of the finger and go to the other, forming arched figures in the middle part of the pattern that bend towards the upper stream. Arc patterns lack an internal pattern and a delta. Among them, the following types are distinguished: simple, hipped and pyramidal (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Types of arc patterns: a) simple; 6) pyramidal; c) tent

Loop patterns occur in approximately 60% of cases. They are formed from at least three streams of lines. The central pattern consists of one or more loops, the lines of which begin at the edge of the pattern and, going up, return to the same edge. The loop has a head, legs and an open part. Depending on the shape and number of loops, the relative position of the beginning and end of their legs, loop patterns are divided into simple, curved and closed (racket loops) (Fig. 4).

The direction of the legs of the loops is the basis for distinguishing among the loop patterns ulnar (the legs of the loops are directed towards the little finger) and radial (the legs of the loops are directed towards the thumb).

Scroll patterns varied in structure, but are found somewhat less frequently than loop ones, in approximately 30% of cases. Their internal pattern can be formed by papillary lines in the form of ovals, circles, spirals, loops, or a combination thereof. A characteristic feature of a scroll pattern is the presence of at least two deltas, one of which is located to the left and the other to the right of the inner part of the pattern. Among this diversity, the following main types of scroll patterns can be distinguished: simple, spiral and snail-loop (Fig. 5).

Rice. 4. Types of loop patterns: a) simple; b) curved; c) closed

Rice. 5. Types of scroll patterns: a) simple; b) snail-loop; c) spiral

In some classifications, other types of curl patterns are also distinguished, for example, circular, loop-spiral, loop-tangle, complex, incomplete, etc., and among loop patterns - half, parallel and counter.

In addition, there are papillary patterns of the nail phalanges of the fingers, which cannot be attributed to any of the three classification groups, the so-called transitional patterns - false (false-loop and false-helix).

Identification features The structures of papillary patterns are usually divided into general and specific. To general signs
include: type and type of papillary pattern; direction and steepness of papillary line flows; the structure of the central pattern of the pattern; delta structure; number of papillary lines between the center and delta; relative position of deltas, etc.

Particular features (Fig. 6) include details of papillary patterns (beginning and ending, merging and branching of papillary lines, island (eye), bridge, hook, fragment, dot, thin papillary line, opposite position of papillary lines) and papillary lines (breaks , fractures, bends, thickenings, configuration of the edges of papillary lines).

Rice. 6. Particular signs of papillary patterns: 1 - beginning of the line; 2 - pores; 3 — branching of lines; 4 - bend; 5 - bridge; 6 - counter line; 7 - peephole; 8 — merging of lines; 9 - interpapillary lines (scallops); 10 - short line; 11 - end of line; 12 - hook; 13 - island; 14 — line break; 15 - thickening of the line

As for the skin relief of the palmar surface, it consists of papillary lines, skin folds, interphalangeal folds (on the fingers) and flexor lines (on the palm).

There are two main areas on the palmar surface, the papillary patterns of which differ from each other in the direction, steepness of the flows of the papillary lines and the shape of the patterns they form: tenar - the area located around the base of the thumb; hypothenar - area located opposite the little finger at the outer edge of the palm (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Structure of the human hand

Types of hand marks

Hand marks, depending on the mechanism of formation, can be voluminous or superficial, colored or colorless, barely visible or invisible. Volumetric marks are formed as a result of contact of hands with a plastic surface (on oil, fresh paint, plasticine, icy surfaces, etc.). Superficial marks are formed on hard surfaces due to the peeling or layering of a trace-forming substance. Traces of peeling are formed as a result of trace carrier particles sticking to the hands, traces of layers - as a result of the adhesion of particles of a substance present on the hands (sweat, ink, blood, paint, etc.) to the trace-receiving surface. Surface marks may be colorless, resulting from the layering of a colorless sweat-fat substance onto the trace-receiving surface, and painted, formed by hands covered in blood, ink, liquid paint, etc. Low visibility hand marks form on smooth, non-porous surfaces (glass, objects coated with varnish, enamel, plastic, etc.), invisible - occur on porous surfaces (paper, cardboard, plywood, untreated wood, etc.).

Investigator's work with handprints

Handprint detection. In a residential or other premises, all surfaces that could be touched by criminals should be examined, especially even, smooth ones (glass, polished, etc.). First of all, you need to inspect door handles, cabinet doors, dishes and cutlery that could have been used by criminals, electrical switches (if the crime was committed in the dark), as well as objects left at the scene of the crime (crime weapons, comb, etc.) . The possibility of detecting not only sweat fats should not be overlooked. but also colored prints left, for example, by a bloody hand. To detect traces of hands in the interior of the car, you should inspect the internal and external door handles, surfaces of doors and windows, the gear lever handle, metal parts of the interior, rear view mirror, etc. The possibility of detecting voluminous traces of hands on any plastic material cannot be ruled out. It is possible to detect sweat-grease fingerprints on the skin of corpses and some types of clothing fabric. In a state suitable for identification, these traces are preserved on the densest fabrics. Invisible fingerprints often appear on various objects made of paper that have a fairly dense surface layer (sizing).

It is possible to detect during inspection not only traces of open palms and fingers, but also gloves, which are used by criminals to avoid leaving fingerprints of papillary patterns. Their most distinct traces are formed on a smooth surface, such as glass. Leather and thread gloves can leave marks due to the fact that as they are used, they gradually become covered with dirt and grease. Some fat is initially contained in the glove material itself. On the surface of many gloves there are characteristic signs in the form of damage, wrinkles, seams, pores, and thread weave patterns.

Modern methods for detecting honey on studied objects can be divided into three main groups: visual, physical and chemical. The choice of method is carried out taking into account the physical properties of the substance forming the trace, the time of its occurrence, as well as the nature (structure, color) of the surface of the carrier objects.

TO visual methods for detecting handprints include: inspection of objects with the “naked eye” or with the help of optical magnification devices (magnifying glass, microscope), as well as lighting means. At the same time, volumetric and superficial hand marks formed by sweat fat or dye and located on smooth surfaces are revealed. This method is based on the difference in the reflective abilities of the surface of the trace object and the trace itself.

Transparent objects are viewed through light, when the stream of rays is directed directly into the observer's eye or slightly to the side and at the same time changing the position of the object itself. All objects (transparent and opaque) are viewed under different lighting conditions, successively changing the angle of incidence of the rays to the smallest (oblique light). In this case, some opaque background is installed behind transparent objects.

Physical methods for identifying traces of papillary patterns are based on the ability of the trace substance to retain particles of other substances embedded in it without entering into a chemical reaction with them, as well as the possibility of its own luminescence. Similar methods include: processing (pollination) with fingerprint powders (magnetic, non-magnetic, luminescent); fumigation with iodine vapor; treatment with cyanoacrylate vapors; excitation of luminescence of the substance of the intended trace using optical quantum generators (lasers).

In some cases, to detect traces of sweat, it is advisable to use sources of ultraviolet and infrared rays - an ultraviolet illuminator and an electron-optical converter. This method is used to detect marks that have been formed for a long time, as well as invisible marks on multi-colored objects.

To identify traces of papillary patterns iodine vapor an iodine tube is used (Fig. 8). To stain a sweat-fat trace with iodine vapor, a glass tube containing iodine crystals is held in the hand. Under the influence of body temperature, iodine sublimes and its vapor is pushed out of the tube by a rubber bulb. Penetrating into the trace substance, tiny iodine crystals color it brown. Since this color disappears after some time, the identified traces should be fixed using one of the following methods: iron powder reduced with hydrogen, starch solution.

In investigative practice, such a physical method of identifying and recording handprints as pollination with fingerprint powders: non-magnetic(zinc oxide, lead oxide, copper oxide, soot, graphite, manganese peroxide, etc., as well as their mixtures - universal white, universal black, mixture of copper oxide with soot, etc.); magnetic(“Topaz”, “Ruby”, “Malachite”, “Agate”, “Sapphire”, “Opal”, etc.); fluorescent(rhodamine, zinc sulfide, anthracene, chrysantine, etc.).

Rice. 8. Iodine tube: 1 - spray bulb; 2 — connecting hose; 3 - input valve; 4 - glass wool; 5 — iodine crystals; 6 - output valve; 7 — tube nozzle

Powders are applied to the surface of the object under study in the following way: by pouring and rolling the powder over the surface to be treated; using a fingerprint brush (flute or magnetic) (Fig. 9); using spray guns, aerosols and other sprays.

Chemical methods Handprint detection is used, as a rule, in expert practice and makes it possible to identify traces of a long time ago. These methods are based on a chemical reaction between the components of the sweat fat substance of the trace and special chemical reagents.

Recording hand marks. Identified traces of papillary patterns can be recorded in the following ways: photographing, measuring dimensions, making scale diagrams or drawings, and describing them in the investigative report.

Rice. 9. Magnetic brush: 1 - magnetic rod (rod); 2 — plastic cap; 3 - plastic body; 4 - spring; 5 — rod head

All traces are described in the protocol and in the sequence in which they were found. In this case, it is indicated: on what object the trace was found; characteristics of this item; location of the mark on the object; footprint size; type of trace; type of papillary pattern; the color of the mark, if it was painted; method of detection, fixation and seizure.

Removing handprints. Found and recorded traces can be removed by the investigator in the following ways:

• with a carrier trace or part thereof (if possible);
• copying surface traces onto a special film (fingerprint film or adhesive adhesive tape on a polyethylene basis (such as “Scotch”);
• making impressions from volumetric hand marks using various impression materials and compounds (gypsum, silicone pastes “K”, “U-1”, “KLT-ZO”; low-molecular rubbers “SKTN”, “SKTN-1”; impression compounds “VGO” ", "VGO-4"; trace-copying compositions "Copy-1", "Copy-2", etc.);
• direct fixation of traces on objects by physical or chemical methods, as well as covering them with protective film or glass.

Preliminary study of handprints. Approximate age determination. Using palm prints and nail phalanges, you can get an approximate idea of ​​the age of the person who left the mark. Imprints of flexor folds of the palm (transverse and longitudinal) in persons under the age of 25 are weakly expressed and relatively short (not significantly reaching the edges of the palm); in persons over 25 years of age, but under 60, they have an average length, slightly not reaching the edges of the palm, and in persons over 60, they reach these edges. In the prints of elderly and old people there are many displays of small furrows, folds, wrinkles, white lines (gaps). The lines of their papillary patterns are less distinct and have a significant number of breaks. The number of papillary lines per unit length depends on age. For a line segment 0.5 cm long, in relation to persons of different age groups there are: 12-13 lines - persons 8-12 years old; 10-12 lines - teenagers; 9-10 lines - adults. This does not apply to very obese people, who have 7-8 lines on a 0.5 cm segment.

The palm mark may have a guiding value for assumptions about the social environment that shaped the person who left this trace. The palm of a representative of physical labor, especially one who has been engaged in it since childhood, is, as a rule, wider and square in shape compared to the narrower, rectangular or oval palm characteristic of many intellectuals.

Establishing the characteristics of the hand that left the mark. Any anomalies displayed in handprints have a certain search value. This, for example, is the elevation of the index finger above the ring finger, unusual length, curvature, thickening in the joints, fusion of some fingers, calluses, scars, complete or partial absence of papillary lines of the nail phalanges, which may be the result of their intentional destruction.

Approximate determination of a person's height and gender. For this purpose, special tables are used, using which you can determine the approximate height or gender of a person by the length and width of the palm or by the length and width of various fingers.

Expert examination of handprints

Traces of papillary hand patterns are submitted for examination together with the object or part of it, on a special film, in the form of casts of volumetric traces or photographs placed in photo tables (appendix to the inspection report of the scene of the incident, to the initial expert opinion).

As comparative material, experimental fingerprints of papillary hand patterns are presented, tested on fingerprint card forms or sheets of writing paper (their photocopies, photo reproductions).

Most often, when prescribing fingerprint examinations, the expert is asked questions about identifying the hand and fingers that left the marks, determining the suitability of hand marks for identification and identifying the specific person(s) who left the marks.

The decision on the suitability of traces of papillary hand patterns for identification depends on their quality. If there are clear and significant areas of papillary patterns with a large number of distinguishable structural details (usually at least eight), the traces are considered suitable for identification.

If the trace submitted for examination contains a limited number of clearly defined signs of the pattern structure (2-3), but is approximately determined type of papillary pattern, the expert concludes that the question of the suitability of a trace for personal identification can only be resolved through a comparative study of it with the handprints of a specific person being checked. As a rule, such hand marks are located on rough, embossed, contaminated surfaces.

Grade The matching and differing characteristics identified during a comparative study are carried out on the basis of determining the identification significance of each of them, as well as their entire set. The criterion for this is the frequency of occurrence of the signs.

A set of eight particular features of the papillary pattern can be considered sufficient for identification. This allows you to draw a reliable and reasoned conclusion. However, it is also necessary to take into account the conditionality of the specified quantity, since such a set is assessed not only by the number of features, but also by their qualitative characteristics (including identification significance, relative position in the pattern, etc.).

If a match is established based on general characteristics, as well as on a number of specific characteristics (at least eight), it is necessary to determine whether the set of these matching characteristics is individual (unique).

The conclusion that it is impossible to resolve the issue of identity is made if the traces are unsuitable for identification or if there are no appropriate comparative samples. The results of the study are presented in the form of an expert opinion and photo tables.

Fans of detective series know very well that any investigation begins with the study of fingerprints at the crime scene. And this is absolutely true, because fingerprinting - the study of unique patterns on the tips of human fingers - has been the cornerstone of forensic science for almost a century and a half.

History of the development of fingerprinting and dermatoglyphics. Interesting facts about fingerprints

This science was born, as usually happens, completely by accident. In 1879, Scottish physician Henry Faulds examined prehistoric pottery shards brought from Japan. For some reason, his attention was attracted by fingerprints left when the clay was still damp. And then it dawned on Folds:

“The pattern on the fingers does not change throughout life, which means it can serve for identification better than photography.”

The idea of ​​the Scottish doctor was picked up and developed by the English psychologist and anthropologist Francis Galton.

Nature has endowed the fingertips with unique and inimitable patterns. Scientists once calculated: if you take prints from all ten fingers of one person, then the chance that two of them will match is 1 in 64 billion. What can we say about patterns from the fingers of different people?

It must be said that for a long time fingerprinting could not take root among criminologists. Skeptics argued that the lines on the fingers are an unreliable sign, changeable over time. And to check whether the pattern on the skin changes, long-term observations of a person were needed.

Criminal without fingerprints

Fingerprinting helped, as in the proverb, chance. In 1934, during a joint operation between the Chicago police and the FBI, the famous American gangster Klutas was shot dead during his arrest. Even then, the US police had a good rule - to fingerprint even a dead criminal in order to accurately determine his identity. The shot bandit... did not have any fingerprints; his skin did not contain papillary patterns. The experts were simply in despair. But FBI Director Edgar Hoover did not receive his salary in vain. On his instructions, federal agents literally went through all the doctors and found a surgeon who operated on Klutas, removing the skin from his fingertips. Ganster hoped that such an operation would give him the opportunity to carry out his dark deeds with impunity. But it was not there.

It turned out that after plastic surgery, papillary lines are restored again, and retain their previous, individual pattern. On the young skin of the dead man’s fingers, the old, already outlined lines were now visible.

The criminal thought soon found an antidote to fingerprinting - ordinary gloves. But thieves and robbers did not know that even gloves could leave a mark... In December 1964, an alarm signal was received at the operational communications console of the Leningrad City Internal Affairs Directorate: a thief in the halls of the State Hermitage! When police arrived at the scene, they discovered that two paintings had been stolen, one of which belonged to the brush of Karl Bryulov, the author of the famous “The Last Day of Pompeii.” Forensic experts examined literally every square centimeter of the crime scene. They didn't find any fingerprints, but they did find a very clear mark from a glove on one of the display cases. During the search, those ill-fated gloves were found on the alleged criminal, which served as the main evidence. Apparently, things were bad in the USSR with haberdashery items...

Now a fingerprint card is the main and most reliable portrait of a person who dared to break the law. Handwriting analysis, verbal portrait, photo and video materials, and even DNA analysis can fail. But the unique pattern on the skin will never deceive and give away the criminal, as they say, with his fingers.

But studying fingerprints is good for more than just catching criminals. By using papillary patterns on the palms, many diseases acquired by a person by inheritance can be diagnosed. Russian scientists claim that a thorough study of the patterns on the skin of the palms will easily determine the moral and volitional qualities of a person and even tell him in which profession he will be successful.

Dermatoglyphics - the science of patterns on the palms and feet of a person, broader than fingerprinting - states that patterns on the tips of the fingers appear in the womb, in the third month of development.

At the same time, the nervous and endocrine systems are formed, so experts from Moscow State University suggested that papillary patterns clearly show reaction speed, quick thinking, and the ability to be a leader in society.

To finally test their hypothesis, scientists turned to the All-Russian Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sports, a laboratory where they study higher sports. Along with weight, height and muscle mass, this time biologists also studied patterns on the fingertips. As a result, it turned out that there is a direct connection between sports achievements and papillary patterns.

But maybe this connection is typical only for sports people? It turned out that all ordinary people have it too. One day, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs brought the researchers fingerprint cards of a gang of criminals, and after a short study, the specialists determined who was “on guard” and who was the leader. You should have seen the faces of the policemen, amazed at the exact conclusions.

The technology for determining a person’s business and psychological qualities by papillary patterns has existed for several years. It is very complex, but for personnel officers it is simply a godsend! An experienced specialist, using fingerprints, can very accurately discern in a person a good engineer or a wonderful translator.

How does he do this? There are 39 main types of patterns, which are divided into 4 groups: arcs, loops, curls and S-shaped patterns. For a specialist, all ten fingerprints are important, it is even important which finger the pattern is on. For example, a loop means that a person is a leader with an explosive character; if you touch him, he will burst into flames like a match. The presence of curls and s-patterns on the fingers indicates that the person will make a good deputy, the so-called cardinal gray, capable of leading from behind the back of an explosive boss.

The head of one of the companies engaged in personnel selection claims that the accuracy of the dermatoglyphic method of personnel selection exceeds 80 percent, so do not be surprised if, instead of a work record book, the prospective employer asks you to show the palms of your hands.